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<p>Orthopaedic implants require surfaces that resist bacterial colonisation while supporting host cell compatibility. In this study, we fabricated highly interconnected porous titanium (Ti) foams using a cost‑effective sintering–dissolution process (SDP) and functionalised them with 11‑aminoundecyltriethoxysilane (AUTES) and covalently tethered <i>N</i>-diazeniumdiolate nitric oxide (NO) donors. Structural characterisation by Scanning electron microscopy, X‑ray micro‑CT, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses confirmed a hierarchical porous architecture with ~ 73% total porosity and extensive internal surface area, enabling efficient chemical functionalisation. Chemiluminescence analysis demonstrated formulation‑dependent NO payloads and sustained release for over 15&#xa0;h in bacterial culture medium. The NO‑releasing foams significantly reduced biofilm-associated <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> compared with untreated controls, with the 20% AUTES/NO formulation showing the most persistent antibiofilm activity at 24&#xa0;h (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Limited effects were observed against planktonic bacteria. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adhered to and remained viable on both unmodified and functionalised foams over 7&#xa0;days, indicating cytocompatibility of the surface modification following NO release. These findings demonstrate that SDP-derived porous Ti foams can be functionalised for localised NO delivery and effective antibiofilm activity while maintaining initial hMSC compatibility, offering a scalable platform for multifunctional Ti-based implant surfaces.</p>

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Nitric oxide‑releasing porous titanium foams fabricated by scalable sintering–dissolution process for antibiofilm activity and cytocompatibility

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Man Li,
  • Pengcheng Zhu,
  • Vahid Heravi Shargh,
  • Jenny Aveyard,
  • Manohar Koduri,
  • Mark Hunter,
  • Julia G. Behnsen,
  • Yuyuan Zhao,
  • Judith M. Curran,
  • Raechelle A. D’Sa

摘要

Orthopaedic implants require surfaces that resist bacterial colonisation while supporting host cell compatibility. In this study, we fabricated highly interconnected porous titanium (Ti) foams using a cost‑effective sintering–dissolution process (SDP) and functionalised them with 11‑aminoundecyltriethoxysilane (AUTES) and covalently tethered N-diazeniumdiolate nitric oxide (NO) donors. Structural characterisation by Scanning electron microscopy, X‑ray micro‑CT, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses confirmed a hierarchical porous architecture with ~ 73% total porosity and extensive internal surface area, enabling efficient chemical functionalisation. Chemiluminescence analysis demonstrated formulation‑dependent NO payloads and sustained release for over 15 h in bacterial culture medium. The NO‑releasing foams significantly reduced biofilm-associated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared with untreated controls, with the 20% AUTES/NO formulation showing the most persistent antibiofilm activity at 24 h (p < 0.05). Limited effects were observed against planktonic bacteria. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adhered to and remained viable on both unmodified and functionalised foams over 7 days, indicating cytocompatibility of the surface modification following NO release. These findings demonstrate that SDP-derived porous Ti foams can be functionalised for localised NO delivery and effective antibiofilm activity while maintaining initial hMSC compatibility, offering a scalable platform for multifunctional Ti-based implant surfaces.