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<p>This study presents a highly efficient graphene-based electro-optical phase and amplitude modulator operating at 1550&#xa0;nm, specifically designed for the TE fundamental mode. A phase difference of π is achieved at a minimum propagation length of 105&#xa0;μm by applying 7.5 volts, with a V<sub>π</sub>·L coefficient of approximately 0.0787&#xa0;V·cm. By leveraging the unique optical and electrical properties of graphene integrated within a waveguide structure, the device attains a very low insertion loss of only 0.016 dB over 105&#xa0;μm, enabling effective phase modulation and amplitude control. Additionally, the shortest length at which a 3 dB extinction ratio is reached for amplitude modulation is 13&#xa0;μm. Circuit model analysis indicates a modulation bandwidth of f<sub>3dB</sub>=6.5&#xa0;GHz and a modulation depth of 99.6% (0.228 dB/µm) for a compact device with a 105&#xa0;μm waveguide length. Dynamic performance is further validated through eye-diagram simulations at this length, which show an extinction ratio of 11.02 dB at a bit rate of 20 Gbits/s. This graphene-based electro-optic modulator offers a single structure for both phase and amplitude modulation, allowing separate control of these functions via bias voltage.</p>

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Graphene-based waveguide modulator for independent control of amplitude and phase

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月5日

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  • Mohammadreza Rahimi,
  • Mina Noori

摘要

This study presents a highly efficient graphene-based electro-optical phase and amplitude modulator operating at 1550 nm, specifically designed for the TE fundamental mode. A phase difference of π is achieved at a minimum propagation length of 105 μm by applying 7.5 volts, with a Vπ·L coefficient of approximately 0.0787 V·cm. By leveraging the unique optical and electrical properties of graphene integrated within a waveguide structure, the device attains a very low insertion loss of only 0.016 dB over 105 μm, enabling effective phase modulation and amplitude control. Additionally, the shortest length at which a 3 dB extinction ratio is reached for amplitude modulation is 13 μm. Circuit model analysis indicates a modulation bandwidth of f3dB=6.5 GHz and a modulation depth of 99.6% (0.228 dB/µm) for a compact device with a 105 μm waveguide length. Dynamic performance is further validated through eye-diagram simulations at this length, which show an extinction ratio of 11.02 dB at a bit rate of 20 Gbits/s. This graphene-based electro-optic modulator offers a single structure for both phase and amplitude modulation, allowing separate control of these functions via bias voltage.