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<p>Certain heavy metals can act as stimulatory agents by inducing mild stress responses when applied at optimal levels. In this study, we investigated whether green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) induce hormetic-like, dose-dependent responses in sage (<i>Salvia officinalis</i> L.), integrating germination performance, morphophysiological traits, and secondary metabolite profiling. AgNPs were synthesized using a <i>Lavandula officinalis</i> L. flower extract–mediated green synthesis approach and characterized prior to application, with an average particle size of approximately 24&#xa0;nm based on SEM image analysis. Germination parameters were monitored over an 8&#xa0;days period, and growth and phytochemical traits were assessed after 3&#xa0;months. The 200&#xa0;ppm treatment was associated with the highest germination performance (Germination Index: 461.25; Germination Vigor Index: 36.4), whereas the 100 ppm treatment coincided with enhanced vegetative growth parameters, including dry matter content (20%), leaf area (11.77 mm⁻<sup>1</sup>), relative water content (79%), and stomatal index (39.9). Volatile oil analysis revealed concentration-dependent shifts in metabolite composition, with moderate doses (100–200&#xa0;ppm) aligning with balanced growth and metabolic adjustment, while the highest dose (400&#xa0;ppm) corresponded to growth suppression and broader compositional changes.The coordinated responses observed in germination, leaf anatomy, and secondary metabolite profiles suggest that low-dose AgNPs exposure may induce a hormesis-like response, linking mild nanoparticle-induced stress with enhanced phytochemical production in <i>Salvia officinalis</i>.</p>

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Dose-dependent hormetic-like effects of green-synthesized AgNPs on Salvia officinalis: a biochemical and morphophysiological perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Havva Kaya,
  • Semra Kılıç

摘要

Certain heavy metals can act as stimulatory agents by inducing mild stress responses when applied at optimal levels. In this study, we investigated whether green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) induce hormetic-like, dose-dependent responses in sage (Salvia officinalis L.), integrating germination performance, morphophysiological traits, and secondary metabolite profiling. AgNPs were synthesized using a Lavandula officinalis L. flower extract–mediated green synthesis approach and characterized prior to application, with an average particle size of approximately 24 nm based on SEM image analysis. Germination parameters were monitored over an 8 days period, and growth and phytochemical traits were assessed after 3 months. The 200 ppm treatment was associated with the highest germination performance (Germination Index: 461.25; Germination Vigor Index: 36.4), whereas the 100 ppm treatment coincided with enhanced vegetative growth parameters, including dry matter content (20%), leaf area (11.77 mm⁻1), relative water content (79%), and stomatal index (39.9). Volatile oil analysis revealed concentration-dependent shifts in metabolite composition, with moderate doses (100–200 ppm) aligning with balanced growth and metabolic adjustment, while the highest dose (400 ppm) corresponded to growth suppression and broader compositional changes.The coordinated responses observed in germination, leaf anatomy, and secondary metabolite profiles suggest that low-dose AgNPs exposure may induce a hormesis-like response, linking mild nanoparticle-induced stress with enhanced phytochemical production in Salvia officinalis.