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<p>In semi-arid agricultural ecosystems, excessive chemical fertilization has led to severe soil degradation. However, the mechanism by which organic fertilizer substitution affects microbial community construction in alkaline black soil through activated carbon components remains unclear. This study conducted a field experiment in the black soil zone of Northeast China to evaluate the effectiveness of organic fertilizer (OF) substitution. Four treatments were set up: no fertilization control (CK), single application of chemical fertilizer (T0), and substitution of 25% (T25) and 50% (T50) of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer. The results showed that organic fertilizer substitution significantly optimized soil pH and significantly reduced C/N ratio compared to the control group, creating a favorable environment for nutrient mineralization. It is worth noting that the carbon pool management index (CPMI) under T25 treatment reached its highest level (an increase of 135.44% compared to T0), and significantly enriched active organic carbon components, especially particulate organic carbon (POC) and easily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC). Contrary to the traditional view that higher diversity is better, organic fertilizer substitution reduces bacterial alpha diversity but induces deterministic screening of functional groups. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel test showed that specific activated carbon components drove the enrichment of nutrient cycling bacteria genera (<i>Sphingomonas</i>,<i> MND1</i>,<i> Gemmatimonas</i>) and saprophytic fungi (<i>Mortierella</i>), while significantly inhibiting pathogenic bacteria (<i>Fusarium</i>). Although T50 treatment limited crop productivity due to the mismatch of carbon and nitrogen supply and demand, T25 achieved the highest maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency by synchronizing nutrient release with crop demand. The conclusion indicates that 25% organic fertilizer substitution is the best strategy for this region, and its mechanism for improving soil productivity is not simply to increase microbial diversity, but to drive microbial restructuring towards more efficient functional networks through activated carbon input.</p>

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Impact of organic fertilizer substitution on soil quality and microbial diversity in maize ecosystems

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Jianjun Zhao,
  • Caixia Di,
  • Bin Li,
  • Tiejun Zhang,
  • Yanwei Liu,
  • Fengcheng Sun,
  • Qi Dong,
  • Jie Duan,
  • Wei Zheng,
  • Dandan Li

摘要

In semi-arid agricultural ecosystems, excessive chemical fertilization has led to severe soil degradation. However, the mechanism by which organic fertilizer substitution affects microbial community construction in alkaline black soil through activated carbon components remains unclear. This study conducted a field experiment in the black soil zone of Northeast China to evaluate the effectiveness of organic fertilizer (OF) substitution. Four treatments were set up: no fertilization control (CK), single application of chemical fertilizer (T0), and substitution of 25% (T25) and 50% (T50) of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer. The results showed that organic fertilizer substitution significantly optimized soil pH and significantly reduced C/N ratio compared to the control group, creating a favorable environment for nutrient mineralization. It is worth noting that the carbon pool management index (CPMI) under T25 treatment reached its highest level (an increase of 135.44% compared to T0), and significantly enriched active organic carbon components, especially particulate organic carbon (POC) and easily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC). Contrary to the traditional view that higher diversity is better, organic fertilizer substitution reduces bacterial alpha diversity but induces deterministic screening of functional groups. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel test showed that specific activated carbon components drove the enrichment of nutrient cycling bacteria genera (Sphingomonas, MND1, Gemmatimonas) and saprophytic fungi (Mortierella), while significantly inhibiting pathogenic bacteria (Fusarium). Although T50 treatment limited crop productivity due to the mismatch of carbon and nitrogen supply and demand, T25 achieved the highest maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency by synchronizing nutrient release with crop demand. The conclusion indicates that 25% organic fertilizer substitution is the best strategy for this region, and its mechanism for improving soil productivity is not simply to increase microbial diversity, but to drive microbial restructuring towards more efficient functional networks through activated carbon input.