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<p>This study investigates the impact of ball milling duration on the structural, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of zeolite–Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> composites. Catalysts were synthesized using varying ball milling times and characterized using FESEM, FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, EDX, and XRD, revealing that increased ball milling enhances Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> dispersion within the zeolite matrix, leading to improved light absorption, reduced bandgap energy, and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical response of the Cat 4 photocatalyst was investigated under monochromatic light irradiation (390–636&#xa0;nm) in a 0.5&#xa0;M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>⋅5H<sub>2</sub>O electrolyte at room temperature. The photocurrent density (J<sub>ph</sub>) varied with wavelength, peaking at − 1.62&#xa0;mA/g at 636&#xa0;nm and dipping to − 1.55&#xa0;mA/g at 470&#xa0;nm, demonstrating significant absorption and effective use of visible light. The incident photon–to–current conversion efficiency (IPCE%) was evaluated, revealing a peak value of 4.98% at 390&#xa0;nm and a minimum of 3.16% at 636&#xa0;nm. The applied bias photon–to–current efficiency (ABPE%) analysis demonstrated a maximum efficiency of 0.098% at 636&#xa0;nm with an applied potential of 0.56&#xa0;V vs. RHE. Photoelectrochemical measurements demonstrate that the catalyst with the longest ball milling duration exhibits the highest photocurrent density and hydrogen evolution rate, confirming the catalyst’s effective charge carrier separation and transport, contributing to enhanced solar–to–hydrogen energy conversion, and indicating its superior performance in PEC water splitting.</p>

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Enhancing photoelectrochemical catalytic performance of zeolite-Co3O4 composites through optimized ball milling duration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Ghadah M. Al-Senani,
  • Mohamed Shaban,
  • Salhah D. Al-Qahtani,
  • Khaled Abdelkarem,
  • Rana Saad

摘要

This study investigates the impact of ball milling duration on the structural, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of zeolite–Co3O4 composites. Catalysts were synthesized using varying ball milling times and characterized using FESEM, FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, EDX, and XRD, revealing that increased ball milling enhances Co3O4 dispersion within the zeolite matrix, leading to improved light absorption, reduced bandgap energy, and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical response of the Cat 4 photocatalyst was investigated under monochromatic light irradiation (390–636 nm) in a 0.5 M Na2SO3⋅5H2O electrolyte at room temperature. The photocurrent density (Jph) varied with wavelength, peaking at − 1.62 mA/g at 636 nm and dipping to − 1.55 mA/g at 470 nm, demonstrating significant absorption and effective use of visible light. The incident photon–to–current conversion efficiency (IPCE%) was evaluated, revealing a peak value of 4.98% at 390 nm and a minimum of 3.16% at 636 nm. The applied bias photon–to–current efficiency (ABPE%) analysis demonstrated a maximum efficiency of 0.098% at 636 nm with an applied potential of 0.56 V vs. RHE. Photoelectrochemical measurements demonstrate that the catalyst with the longest ball milling duration exhibits the highest photocurrent density and hydrogen evolution rate, confirming the catalyst’s effective charge carrier separation and transport, contributing to enhanced solar–to–hydrogen energy conversion, and indicating its superior performance in PEC water splitting.