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<p>This study presents a sustainable approach for <i>p</i>-nitrophenol (<i>p</i>NP) removal by synthesizing activated carbon with a large surface area from waste <i>Pistacia vera</i> shells using H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> activation. Comprehensive characterization confirmed a high specific surface area (670.25 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>− 1</sup>) and a heterogeneous structure rich in functional groups, which are beneficial for adsorption. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the equilibrium dataset followed the Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 142.93 mg g<sup>− 1</sup>. The thermodynamic results showed that the adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic (− 13.43&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>− 1</sup>) process. ANN and ANFIS models were developed to predict the adsorption behavior. The ANFIS model exhibited the best predictive performance, with an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9935. ANFIS sensitivity analysis identified that contact time and initial <i>p</i>NP concentration were the key factors. Regeneration tests demonstrated that the adsorbent could be reused for five cycles, supporting its practical applicability. Real water matrix studies have demonstrated robust <i>p</i>NP removal in real-world water scenarios, highlighting its environmental relevance. Thus, waste-derived adsorbents present a low-cost and sustainable option for <i>p</i>NP removal.</p>

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Machine learning and mechanistic studies on p-nitrophenol remediation using sustainable activated carbon

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Ashalakshmi Kodandoor,
  • Gokulakrishnan Murugesan,
  • Thivaharan Varadavenkatesan,
  • Ramesh Vinayagam,
  • Raja Selvaraj

摘要

This study presents a sustainable approach for p-nitrophenol (pNP) removal by synthesizing activated carbon with a large surface area from waste Pistacia vera shells using H3PO4 activation. Comprehensive characterization confirmed a high specific surface area (670.25 m2 g− 1) and a heterogeneous structure rich in functional groups, which are beneficial for adsorption. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the equilibrium dataset followed the Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 142.93 mg g− 1. The thermodynamic results showed that the adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic (− 13.43 kJ mol− 1) process. ANN and ANFIS models were developed to predict the adsorption behavior. The ANFIS model exhibited the best predictive performance, with an R2 of 0.9935. ANFIS sensitivity analysis identified that contact time and initial pNP concentration were the key factors. Regeneration tests demonstrated that the adsorbent could be reused for five cycles, supporting its practical applicability. Real water matrix studies have demonstrated robust pNP removal in real-world water scenarios, highlighting its environmental relevance. Thus, waste-derived adsorbents present a low-cost and sustainable option for pNP removal.