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<p><i>Echium amoenum</i>, a highly valued medicinal plant in Iran, is rich in polyphenols. Microbial fermentation can improve the bioavailability of its phenolic compounds, which are otherwise limited (5–10%), by releasing them from the plant cell wall. Moreover, incorporating these bioactive compounds in phospholipid vesicles can further maximize their biological efficacy. This study developed a combined approach using lactic acid fermentation with <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> and phospholipid-based nanocarriers to optimize the delivery of <i>E. amoenum</i> extract. Fermented extract (50&#xa0;mg/mL) was successfully incorporated into liposomes, nutriosomes, and advanced alginate-nutriosomes, as confirmed by cryo-TEM and FTIR analyses. All vesicles were nanosized (105–124&#xa0;nm), negatively charged (~ − 56 mV), and homogeneously dispersed (PDI ≤ 0.19) with high loading efficiencies (&gt; 90%). They remained stable under simulated saliva, gastric, and intestinal conditions and exhibited controlled release. In vitro assays demonstrated biocompatibility and protective effects on stressed Caco-2 cells. Overall, alginate-nutriosomes represent a promising nanocarrier for oral administration of fermented <i>E. amoenum</i> extract.</p>

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Advanced alginate- nutriosomes for enhanced oral delivery of fermented Echium amoenum polyphenols

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月8日

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  • Ehsan Divan Khosroshahi,
  • Rita Abi Rached,
  • Angela Serpe,
  • Mona Ghaslani,
  • Zeinab E. Mousavi,
  • Maryam Salami,
  • Maria Manconi,
  • Maria Letizia Manca,
  • Olga Osmolowskaya,
  • Elvira Escribano-Ferrer,
  • Seyed Hadi Razavi

摘要

Echium amoenum, a highly valued medicinal plant in Iran, is rich in polyphenols. Microbial fermentation can improve the bioavailability of its phenolic compounds, which are otherwise limited (5–10%), by releasing them from the plant cell wall. Moreover, incorporating these bioactive compounds in phospholipid vesicles can further maximize their biological efficacy. This study developed a combined approach using lactic acid fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and phospholipid-based nanocarriers to optimize the delivery of E. amoenum extract. Fermented extract (50 mg/mL) was successfully incorporated into liposomes, nutriosomes, and advanced alginate-nutriosomes, as confirmed by cryo-TEM and FTIR analyses. All vesicles were nanosized (105–124 nm), negatively charged (~ − 56 mV), and homogeneously dispersed (PDI ≤ 0.19) with high loading efficiencies (> 90%). They remained stable under simulated saliva, gastric, and intestinal conditions and exhibited controlled release. In vitro assays demonstrated biocompatibility and protective effects on stressed Caco-2 cells. Overall, alginate-nutriosomes represent a promising nanocarrier for oral administration of fermented E. amoenum extract.