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<p>Knee injuries, if not properly rehabilitated, can lead to long-term gait impairment. However, access to rehabilitation is often limited by cost, travel, and adherence challenges, especially in developing countries. Despite advances in soft sensor technologies, current home-based rehabilitation systems often lack the affordability, portability, and usability needed for broad adoption. This study presents a novel, low-cost, and fully wearable wireless system designed to monitor knee joint angles during rehabilitation with high precision and user convenience. At the core of the system is a custom-designed wearable hydraulic filament sensor (WHFS), costing just $5, integrated into a knee pad and paired with a reusable $20 wireless data acquisition (DAQ) unit. The DAQ transmits real-time joint angle data to a companion mobile app, featuring automatic calibration for consistent multi-user performance. The WHFS distinguishes itself through its optimized hydraulic sensing mechanism, offering a minimum detectable displacement of 0.2&#xa0;mm, a sensitivity of 2.65, and maximum hysteresis of 4.6%. Testing shows robust performance with an RMSE of 4.1° in angle estimation and just 0.57% signal degradation after 100 full-range flexion cycles. By combining affordability, portability, and precision, this system addresses key barriers in home-based rehabilitation and offers a scalable, noninvasive solution for improving recovery outcomes.</p>

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KNEESENSE: a low-cost wearable system with hydraulic filament sensing for real-time knee rehabilitation monitoring

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月8日

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  • Nhu An Phan,
  • Sy Trung Ngo,
  • Minh Tri Phan,
  • Nghiep Quy Duong,
  • Phuoc Thien Phan,
  • Thanh Nho Do,
  • Phuong Cao,
  • Girish Krishnan,
  • Elizabeth T. Hsiao-Wecksler,
  • Mai Thanh Thai

摘要

Knee injuries, if not properly rehabilitated, can lead to long-term gait impairment. However, access to rehabilitation is often limited by cost, travel, and adherence challenges, especially in developing countries. Despite advances in soft sensor technologies, current home-based rehabilitation systems often lack the affordability, portability, and usability needed for broad adoption. This study presents a novel, low-cost, and fully wearable wireless system designed to monitor knee joint angles during rehabilitation with high precision and user convenience. At the core of the system is a custom-designed wearable hydraulic filament sensor (WHFS), costing just $5, integrated into a knee pad and paired with a reusable $20 wireless data acquisition (DAQ) unit. The DAQ transmits real-time joint angle data to a companion mobile app, featuring automatic calibration for consistent multi-user performance. The WHFS distinguishes itself through its optimized hydraulic sensing mechanism, offering a minimum detectable displacement of 0.2 mm, a sensitivity of 2.65, and maximum hysteresis of 4.6%. Testing shows robust performance with an RMSE of 4.1° in angle estimation and just 0.57% signal degradation after 100 full-range flexion cycles. By combining affordability, portability, and precision, this system addresses key barriers in home-based rehabilitation and offers a scalable, noninvasive solution for improving recovery outcomes.