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<p><i>Zea mays</i> L., a globally vital C₄ cereal, is increasingly threatened by fall armyworm (FAW), <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J. E. Smith), a destructive and insecticide-resistant pest. This study developed a nano-enabled strategy integrating green-synthesized SiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (GS-SiNPs) for plant fortification with nano-formulated emamectin benzoate (EMB-NPs) for enhanced insecticidal activity. Laboratory bioassays on 4<sup>th</sup>-instar FAW larvae evaluated acute toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub>) and detoxification enzyme activity. A field experiment in Egypt, autumn 2024 used a randomized complete block design to test two foliar sprays on maize in ten treatments with four replicates. Larval counts, leaf damage, anatomy, photosynthesis, leaf area (LA) plant<sup>−1</sup>, Si content, and yield were assessed. Laboratorially, LC<sub>90</sub> (ppm) values were 93.6 (EMB-NPs), and 122.7 (EMB bulk), with GS-SiNPs exhibiting the steepest (5.18). GS-SiNPs with EMB bulk or EMB-NPs exhibited LC<sub>50</sub> values of 102.0 and 71.8&#xa0;ppm, respectively, indicating a synergistic effect of both mixtures. EMB bulk + GS-SiNPs and EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs suppressed larval detoxification enzymes. Field results revealed 100% initial larval mortality. The ½EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs reduced leaf damage by 64.2% after the 1<sup>st</sup> spray, while ¾EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs achieved 86.4% after the 2<sup>nd</sup> spray. This treatment also induced significant anatomical modification, increasing blade, midvein, and vascular bundle thickness. It enhanced photosynthesis, leaf Si, and LA plant<sup>−1</sup>, and boosted yield by 54.5% vis-à-vis control. Combining GS-SiNPs with EMB-NPs, particularly ¾EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs, enhanced EMB bioefficacy and suppressed FAW detoxification while improving maize’s physio-anatomical resilience. This nano-enabled sustainable strategy offers a dose-efficient and eco-friendly approach for FAW management and maize productivity.</p>

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Nano-enabled plant fortification: green-synthesized SiO2 and emamectin benzoate nanoparticles synergistically boost maize defense and agronomic performance against Spodoptera frugiperda infestation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Ahmed Shaaban,
  • Ahmed S. Abdelbaky,
  • Doaa F. El Sherif,
  • Ibrahim A. A. Mohamed,
  • Huda R. K. Ali

摘要

Zea mays L., a globally vital C₄ cereal, is increasingly threatened by fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), a destructive and insecticide-resistant pest. This study developed a nano-enabled strategy integrating green-synthesized SiO2 nanoparticles (GS-SiNPs) for plant fortification with nano-formulated emamectin benzoate (EMB-NPs) for enhanced insecticidal activity. Laboratory bioassays on 4th-instar FAW larvae evaluated acute toxicity (LC50 and LC90) and detoxification enzyme activity. A field experiment in Egypt, autumn 2024 used a randomized complete block design to test two foliar sprays on maize in ten treatments with four replicates. Larval counts, leaf damage, anatomy, photosynthesis, leaf area (LA) plant−1, Si content, and yield were assessed. Laboratorially, LC90 (ppm) values were 93.6 (EMB-NPs), and 122.7 (EMB bulk), with GS-SiNPs exhibiting the steepest (5.18). GS-SiNPs with EMB bulk or EMB-NPs exhibited LC50 values of 102.0 and 71.8 ppm, respectively, indicating a synergistic effect of both mixtures. EMB bulk + GS-SiNPs and EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs suppressed larval detoxification enzymes. Field results revealed 100% initial larval mortality. The ½EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs reduced leaf damage by 64.2% after the 1st spray, while ¾EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs achieved 86.4% after the 2nd spray. This treatment also induced significant anatomical modification, increasing blade, midvein, and vascular bundle thickness. It enhanced photosynthesis, leaf Si, and LA plant−1, and boosted yield by 54.5% vis-à-vis control. Combining GS-SiNPs with EMB-NPs, particularly ¾EMB-NPs + GS-SiNPs, enhanced EMB bioefficacy and suppressed FAW detoxification while improving maize’s physio-anatomical resilience. This nano-enabled sustainable strategy offers a dose-efficient and eco-friendly approach for FAW management and maize productivity.