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<p>Brazil is the world’s leading coffee producer and increasingly adopts shaded agroforestry systems to enhance sustainability. However, the influence of topography on soil functionality within these systems remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluated soil physical and chemical properties across slope positions (Upper, Middle, and Lower Thirds) and depths (0–60&#xa0;cm) in a shaded coffee agroforestry system using multivariate statistics and Bayesian network modeling. Results revealed that upper slope positions exhibited greater macroporosity (15–20%) and lower bulk density (1.10–1.15&#xa0;g cm⁻<sup>3</sup>), whereas lower slope positions accumulated higher total organic carbon (2.5–3.0%) and microporosity (28–32%). Principal Component Analysis indicated that topography modulated soil porosity and carbon distribution, with total organic carbon (TOC) positively correlating with nutrient availability and negatively with acidity. Bayesian network analysis identified TOC as the most influential attribute, displaying the highest expected influence (1.25) and strength (1.15), along with elevated centrality in conserved environments. These results demonstrate that TOC functions as a central integrator linking soil structure, chemistry, and fertility across topographic gradients. Overall, shaded coffee agroforestry enhanced soil quality and functionality, particularly in upper slope areas, underscoring its potential for sustainable land management in tropical landscapes.</p>

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Topographic modulation of soil functional indicators in shaded coffee agroforestry systems: a multivariate and network-based approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月28日

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  • Cristiane Maria Gonçalves Crespo,
  • Victor Casimiro Piscoya,
  • Robson Carlos Pereira de Melo,
  • Ludmilla Morais Pereira,
  • Luiz Diego Vidal Santos,
  • Francisco Sandro Rodrigues Holanda,
  • Alceu Pedrotti,
  • Savanna Alice Botelho da Silva,
  • Moacyr Cunha Filho,
  • Renisson Neponuceno de Araújo Filho

摘要

Brazil is the world’s leading coffee producer and increasingly adopts shaded agroforestry systems to enhance sustainability. However, the influence of topography on soil functionality within these systems remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluated soil physical and chemical properties across slope positions (Upper, Middle, and Lower Thirds) and depths (0–60 cm) in a shaded coffee agroforestry system using multivariate statistics and Bayesian network modeling. Results revealed that upper slope positions exhibited greater macroporosity (15–20%) and lower bulk density (1.10–1.15 g cm⁻3), whereas lower slope positions accumulated higher total organic carbon (2.5–3.0%) and microporosity (28–32%). Principal Component Analysis indicated that topography modulated soil porosity and carbon distribution, with total organic carbon (TOC) positively correlating with nutrient availability and negatively with acidity. Bayesian network analysis identified TOC as the most influential attribute, displaying the highest expected influence (1.25) and strength (1.15), along with elevated centrality in conserved environments. These results demonstrate that TOC functions as a central integrator linking soil structure, chemistry, and fertility across topographic gradients. Overall, shaded coffee agroforestry enhanced soil quality and functionality, particularly in upper slope areas, underscoring its potential for sustainable land management in tropical landscapes.