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<p>Steganography as a practice is highly useful as it allows information to be concealed within digital images while maintaining visual quality. However, it can be a challenge to balance imperceptibility, capacity, and robustness while ensuring that embedded data remains secure against statistical and Deep Learning (DL)–based steganalysis. Therefore, we propose a new framework that utilizes the BOSSbase dataset for cover images, the USC-SIPI dataset for secreted images, and introduces adaptive image steganography, which combines fused map-based embedding with evolutionary optimization to solve existing problems. The system starts by encrypting the secret image through Blowfish cipher encryption to protect its confidentiality. The model generates a fused map through a combination of entropy and Laplacian-based noise maps from the cover image to determine the most suitable embedding areas. Next, we optimize the process of embedding location selection and ordering using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to maximize both security and image quality. Next, we use priority-guided Least Significant Bits (LSB) substitution in the embedding process to generate an optimized priority map for inserting the encrypted bitstream into the image. The system can function on different cover image sizes, so at <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(512\times 512\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> the resolution is 51-61 dB Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and 0.9972-1.0 Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) for stego images at 0.1-1.0 Bits Per Pixel (BPP) with 262,144 bits while maintaining perfect secret reconstruction (SSIM = 1.000) and processing times under 0.25 seconds for embedding and extraction. Security tests demonstrate that the proposed system remains undetectable since the Area Under Curve (AUC) for <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\text {Ye-Net} \,/\, \text {Xu-Net}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> reaches 0.49-0.57 across all payload levels and Regular Singular (RS) statistics remain at 0.59-0.66 between 0.1-1.0 BPP. The proposed model provides effective capacity while maintaining high visual quality and security against DL-based steganalysis, such as that using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN).</p>

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Optimization-driven steganographic system based on fused maps and blowfish encryption

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月9日

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  • Ahmed Aljughaiman,
  • Rana Alrawashdeh

摘要

Steganography as a practice is highly useful as it allows information to be concealed within digital images while maintaining visual quality. However, it can be a challenge to balance imperceptibility, capacity, and robustness while ensuring that embedded data remains secure against statistical and Deep Learning (DL)–based steganalysis. Therefore, we propose a new framework that utilizes the BOSSbase dataset for cover images, the USC-SIPI dataset for secreted images, and introduces adaptive image steganography, which combines fused map-based embedding with evolutionary optimization to solve existing problems. The system starts by encrypting the secret image through Blowfish cipher encryption to protect its confidentiality. The model generates a fused map through a combination of entropy and Laplacian-based noise maps from the cover image to determine the most suitable embedding areas. Next, we optimize the process of embedding location selection and ordering using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to maximize both security and image quality. Next, we use priority-guided Least Significant Bits (LSB) substitution in the embedding process to generate an optimized priority map for inserting the encrypted bitstream into the image. The system can function on different cover image sizes, so at \(512\times 512\) the resolution is 51-61 dB Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and 0.9972-1.0 Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) for stego images at 0.1-1.0 Bits Per Pixel (BPP) with 262,144 bits while maintaining perfect secret reconstruction (SSIM = 1.000) and processing times under 0.25 seconds for embedding and extraction. Security tests demonstrate that the proposed system remains undetectable since the Area Under Curve (AUC) for \(\text {Ye-Net} \,/\, \text {Xu-Net}\) reaches 0.49-0.57 across all payload levels and Regular Singular (RS) statistics remain at 0.59-0.66 between 0.1-1.0 BPP. The proposed model provides effective capacity while maintaining high visual quality and security against DL-based steganalysis, such as that using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN).