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<p>Airborne fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) pollution decreased during last decade in Krakow, Poland. X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) technique at ASTRA beamline of SOLARIS Synchrotron (Krakow, Poland) has been used to study of 8 aerosol samples (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) collected in Krakow during summer and winter 2018/2019 and 2020/2021 at K absorption edges of sulphur, chlorine, potassium, iron and zinc. Samples of PM<sub>2.5</sub> collected in summer contain sulphur mostly as sulphates. On the other hand, samples collected in winter additionally contain bisulphates, sulphides and organic sulphur. KHSO<sub>4</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> are the primary contributors to potassium pollution in winter. Iron phases of Fe<sup>+ 3</sup> and Fe<sup>+ 2</sup> oxidation states (FeSO<sub>4</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and FeOOH) are present in the samples of PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Main zinc containing phases present in PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples are ZnSO<sub>4,</sub> ZnS and ZnO. Such advanced unique technique as XANES applied for PM<sub>2.5</sub> research can be useful for preparing a program reducing the air pollution level of the city. The study also has a broad aspect, it helps to clarify the kind of chemical compounds present in particulate matter.</p>

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X- ray absorption spectroscopy analysis of aerosol particles during summer and winter in Krakow, Poland

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月14日

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  • Patryk Grzywa,
  • Alexey Maximenko,
  • Romisaa Abdelrahman,
  • Paweł Wróbel,
  • Filip Baran,
  • Lucyna Samek

摘要

Airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution decreased during last decade in Krakow, Poland. X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) technique at ASTRA beamline of SOLARIS Synchrotron (Krakow, Poland) has been used to study of 8 aerosol samples (PM2.5) collected in Krakow during summer and winter 2018/2019 and 2020/2021 at K absorption edges of sulphur, chlorine, potassium, iron and zinc. Samples of PM2.5 collected in summer contain sulphur mostly as sulphates. On the other hand, samples collected in winter additionally contain bisulphates, sulphides and organic sulphur. KHSO4 and K2SO4 are the primary contributors to potassium pollution in winter. Iron phases of Fe+ 3 and Fe+ 2 oxidation states (FeSO4, Fe2O3 and FeOOH) are present in the samples of PM2.5. Main zinc containing phases present in PM2.5 samples are ZnSO4, ZnS and ZnO. Such advanced unique technique as XANES applied for PM2.5 research can be useful for preparing a program reducing the air pollution level of the city. The study also has a broad aspect, it helps to clarify the kind of chemical compounds present in particulate matter.