<p>Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is the essence of living culture. The sustainable development of it is a hot spot of international concern, focusing on the protection of originality and authenticity. This study utilizes spatial analysis and Geodetector methods to explore the typological structure, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of ICH and its influencing factors in Northwestern China. The results of the study indicate the following: (1) Between 2006 and 2023, there is a downward trend in the number of declarations in most provinces and types of ICH. (2) The spatial distribution of ICH in the northwest region has obvious clustering characteristics, the distribution pattern has evolved from a “single point with two nuclei” to a “multiple points with two nuclei”, showing two high-density core areas and five sub-high-density core areas. (3) The present spatial distribution of ICH is influenced by a combination of factors. Socio-economic factors and humanistic factors have a greater impact than physical geography factors. By leveraging advanced spatial analysis tools and interdisciplinary insights, this study not only enriches the theoretical understanding of ICH’s spatial characteristics but also provides a replicable methodological framework for similar research globally. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders, contributing to the sustainable development and preservation of ICH worldwide.</p>