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<p>A series of amide-based mono and dimeric pyridinium bromides were synthesized using conventional and microwave-assisted solvent-free methods. The quaternization reactions of <i>m</i>-xylene dibromide and 4-nitrobenzylbromide with amide-based substituted pyridine proceeded efficiently, whereas 1,6-dibromohexane required reflux conditions. A comparative analysis of the solvent-free microwave-assisted reactions revealed a significant reduction in reaction time (up to 20-fold) and increased yields, accompanied by simplified work-up procedures. Notably, these reactions exhibited 100% atom economy and generated no environmental waste. The cytotoxic effects of the synthesized compounds were assessed using the MTT assay, nuclear staining, and Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on the lung cancer cell line (A-549).Molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the interaction and binding of B-Raf kinase inhibitors with the amide-based mono and dimeric pyridinium bromides. Furthermore, the toxicity of the drug molecules was assessed using the BOILED-Egg plot at the central nervous system.</p>

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Solid-phase synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of novel pyridinium bromides

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月24日

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  • Sadaiyan Govindaraj,
  • Kilivelu Ganesan,
  • Perumal Elumalai,
  • Rajanathadurai Jeevitha,
  • Jospin Sindya,
  • Subramani Annadurai,
  • Shiek S. S. J. Ahmed,
  • Mudassar Shahid

摘要

A series of amide-based mono and dimeric pyridinium bromides were synthesized using conventional and microwave-assisted solvent-free methods. The quaternization reactions of m-xylene dibromide and 4-nitrobenzylbromide with amide-based substituted pyridine proceeded efficiently, whereas 1,6-dibromohexane required reflux conditions. A comparative analysis of the solvent-free microwave-assisted reactions revealed a significant reduction in reaction time (up to 20-fold) and increased yields, accompanied by simplified work-up procedures. Notably, these reactions exhibited 100% atom economy and generated no environmental waste. The cytotoxic effects of the synthesized compounds were assessed using the MTT assay, nuclear staining, and Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on the lung cancer cell line (A-549).Molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the interaction and binding of B-Raf kinase inhibitors with the amide-based mono and dimeric pyridinium bromides. Furthermore, the toxicity of the drug molecules was assessed using the BOILED-Egg plot at the central nervous system.