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<p>This study numerically evaluates fluid flow and natural convection heat transfer of a porous square cylinder in an L-shaped enclosure using the Lattice Boltzmann method. Three layouts along vertical and horizontal centrelines are explored, investigating the effects of Rayleigh number (Ra) (10<sup>3</sup> ≤ Ra ≤ 10<sup>6</sup>), Darcy number (Da) (10<sup>−6</sup> ≤ Da ≤ 10<sup>−2</sup>), and cylinder size. Results show that increasing Rayleigh numbers enhances heat transfer, with higher Mean Nusselt number (Nu<sub>Mean</sub>) values observed. Doubling the cylinder’s width at Da = 10<sup>−6</sup> increases Nu<sub>Mean</sub> by 46.5%, and tripling the width results in a 118% enhancement. Higher Rayleigh values enhance buoyant forces’ intensity, improving heat transfer; for example, at Ra = 10<sup>5</sup> and Da = 10<sup>–2</sup>, there is a 42% increase in Nu mean for a cylinder with a 0.6&#xa0;L side length compared to Ra = 10<sup>3</sup>. Optimal cylinder orientation significantly maximizes convective heat transfer, especially at high Rayleigh and Darcy numbers. This study provides valuable insight for optimizing the orientation of electronic blocks in compact L-shaped enclosures for better thermal management.</p>

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Darcy number effects on natural convection around a porous cylinder in L-shaped enclosure using Lattice Boltzmann method

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月11日

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  • Tadesse Beyene Hulle,
  • Ramaswamy Krishnaraj,
  • M. Venkata Ramanan,
  • N. Nagaprasad

摘要

This study numerically evaluates fluid flow and natural convection heat transfer of a porous square cylinder in an L-shaped enclosure using the Lattice Boltzmann method. Three layouts along vertical and horizontal centrelines are explored, investigating the effects of Rayleigh number (Ra) (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), Darcy number (Da) (10−6 ≤ Da ≤ 10−2), and cylinder size. Results show that increasing Rayleigh numbers enhances heat transfer, with higher Mean Nusselt number (NuMean) values observed. Doubling the cylinder’s width at Da = 10−6 increases NuMean by 46.5%, and tripling the width results in a 118% enhancement. Higher Rayleigh values enhance buoyant forces’ intensity, improving heat transfer; for example, at Ra = 105 and Da = 10–2, there is a 42% increase in Nu mean for a cylinder with a 0.6 L side length compared to Ra = 103. Optimal cylinder orientation significantly maximizes convective heat transfer, especially at high Rayleigh and Darcy numbers. This study provides valuable insight for optimizing the orientation of electronic blocks in compact L-shaped enclosures for better thermal management.