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<p>We report a dual-mode terahertz plasmonic nanosensor based on a novel graphene–SiO₂–gold multilayer architecture, engineered for rapid and highly sensitive non-invasive detection of blood glucose concentration via refractive index sensing. This is the first sensor that simultaneously achieves two sharp, independently tunable resonant modes at 2.48–2.50 THz (mode one) and 6.01–6.12 THz (mode two) through the synergistic interaction of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and near-perfect impedance matching. The second mode exhibits an outstanding sensitivity of 4.5 THz /RIU and a figure of merit (FoM) of 40.9 among the highest reported in terahertz glucose sensing along with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6 × 10⁻³ RIU across the physiologically relevant refractive index range (<i>n</i> = 1.33–1.378). The dual-mode operation offers inherent self-referencing capability against environmental variations, while the validated equivalent circuit model provides deep physical insight and design flexibility. Compared with previously reported terahertz and metamaterial sensors, the proposed device achieves a superior combination of sensitivity, FoM, linearity, and robustness, indicating strong potential for integration into future wearable, real-time, non-invasive diabetes monitoring platforms.</p>

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A simulation-based plasmonic terahertz nanosensor with graphene-enhanced sensitivity for diabetes monitoring

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • Yousef Rafighirani,
  • Javad Javidan

摘要

We report a dual-mode terahertz plasmonic nanosensor based on a novel graphene–SiO₂–gold multilayer architecture, engineered for rapid and highly sensitive non-invasive detection of blood glucose concentration via refractive index sensing. This is the first sensor that simultaneously achieves two sharp, independently tunable resonant modes at 2.48–2.50 THz (mode one) and 6.01–6.12 THz (mode two) through the synergistic interaction of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and near-perfect impedance matching. The second mode exhibits an outstanding sensitivity of 4.5 THz /RIU and a figure of merit (FoM) of 40.9 among the highest reported in terahertz glucose sensing along with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6 × 10⁻³ RIU across the physiologically relevant refractive index range (n = 1.33–1.378). The dual-mode operation offers inherent self-referencing capability against environmental variations, while the validated equivalent circuit model provides deep physical insight and design flexibility. Compared with previously reported terahertz and metamaterial sensors, the proposed device achieves a superior combination of sensitivity, FoM, linearity, and robustness, indicating strong potential for integration into future wearable, real-time, non-invasive diabetes monitoring platforms.