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<p>Phenol is a water-soluble contaminant frequently detected in sediments, yet sediment-specific toxicity data are scarce. To address this data gap, we evaluated the use of water-based toxicity data for sediment ecological risk assessment (ERA) by combining the equilibrium partitioning method (EPM) with species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). Acute and chronic toxicity data from laboratory and artificial-stream tests using native aquatic species were compiled and converted to sediment-equivalent values for SSD construction. We quantified how species origin (native vs. foreign), habitat type (benthic vs. non-benthic), taxonomic composition, and sample size affect SSD-derived hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC<sub>5</sub>). Inclusion of benthic taxa, including early life-stage amphibians classified as benthic, was associated with lower HC<sub>5</sub> estimates; sensitivity differences across groups were generally &lt; one order of magnitude. At least 8 species were needed for stable SSD performance. Applying an assessment factor to the HC<sub>5</sub> yielded a PNEC<sub>sediment</sub> of 0.81&#xa0;µg/g dry weight. Using this value, phenol concentrations from 23 monitoring sites indicate that 87% of locations would be categorized as moderate to high risk. As a phenol case study, the EPM–SSD framework demonstrates a pragmatic, transparent route to sediment ERA for moderately hydrophilic substances under data-limited conditions.</p>

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Improved ecological risk assessment of phenol in sediments via species sensitivity distribution and equilibrium partitioning method using water toxicity data

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Seonghwan Park,
  • Sang-Jun Lee,
  • Jin-Woo Park,
  • Hee-Jin Jeong,
  • Dong-Hyuk Yeom,
  • Jungmin Kim

摘要

Phenol is a water-soluble contaminant frequently detected in sediments, yet sediment-specific toxicity data are scarce. To address this data gap, we evaluated the use of water-based toxicity data for sediment ecological risk assessment (ERA) by combining the equilibrium partitioning method (EPM) with species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). Acute and chronic toxicity data from laboratory and artificial-stream tests using native aquatic species were compiled and converted to sediment-equivalent values for SSD construction. We quantified how species origin (native vs. foreign), habitat type (benthic vs. non-benthic), taxonomic composition, and sample size affect SSD-derived hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5). Inclusion of benthic taxa, including early life-stage amphibians classified as benthic, was associated with lower HC5 estimates; sensitivity differences across groups were generally < one order of magnitude. At least 8 species were needed for stable SSD performance. Applying an assessment factor to the HC5 yielded a PNECsediment of 0.81 µg/g dry weight. Using this value, phenol concentrations from 23 monitoring sites indicate that 87% of locations would be categorized as moderate to high risk. As a phenol case study, the EPM–SSD framework demonstrates a pragmatic, transparent route to sediment ERA for moderately hydrophilic substances under data-limited conditions.