<p>Brucellosis remains a major public health problem in many endemic regions of China, particularly in areas with extensive livestock farming. This study aims to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding brucellosis among patients with the disease. The cross-sectional study was conducted in Xinjiang from June 1, 2024, to January 30, 2025. Data were collected through a self-designed questionnaire encompassing sociodemographic characteristics and three dimensions of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Of the 507 questionnaires distributed, 398 were valid and included in the analysis. Most respondents were male (62.81%) and worked in occupations involving contact with animals (65.08%). The mean scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 8.45 ± 3.06, 37.81 ± 3.89, and 38.62 ± 5.47, respectively. Structural equation modeling indicated that knowledge was positively associated with both attitudes (β = 0.579, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and practices (β = 0.351, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), while attitudes also influenced practices (β = 0.270, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Knowledge further affected practices indirectly through attitudes (β = 0.156, <i>p</i> = 0.010). Brucellosis patients demonstrated relatively low knowledge scores but exhibited positive attitudes and proactive practices regarding the disease. The Structural equation modeling indicated that knowledge was associated with both attitudes and practices. Providing targeted educational interventions could help strengthen positive attitudes and improve preventive practices among brucellosis patients, ultimately supporting better disease control and management. In conclusion, strengthening patient-centered education and integrating it into routine public health programs are essential steps toward reducing the burden of brucellosis in endemic regions.</p>