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<p>This study evaluated the human health risks associated with consuming food crops contaminated with metals and metalloids in a crude oil–impacted area of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A total of 48 composite samples (12 each of yam, cassava, cocoyam, and waterleaf) were collected from the Ibaa community and its Right-of-Way (ROW) zone. Edible portions were acid-digested (HNO₃/HClO₄, 3:1) and analyzed for As, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GF-AAS; Hitachi Z-2000, Tokyo, Japan). Quality assurance included reagent blanks, certified reference materials, and spike recoveries, with recoveries of 92–107%, RSD &lt; 5%, and detection limits of 1.73&#xa0;µg/L (Pb), 0.02&#xa0;µg/L (Cd, Cu, Zn), and 2.0&#xa0;µg/L (As). Mean concentrations (mg/kg) in crops from the ROW were Pb: 0.0028–0.0118, As: 0.0002–0.0030, Cd: 0.0008–0.0027, Cu: 7.99–9.37, and Zn: 16.17–77.51, while control samples showed significantly lower levels. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated two dominant contamination sources: anthropogenic Pb–Cd inputs from petroleum activities and Cu from agrochemical use. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) revealed higher exposure in children, with maximum values for Zn (7.9 × 10<sup>-1</sup> mg/kg/day), Cu (1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup>), and As (9.5 × 10<sup>-5</sup>) in cocoyam. Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) for Zn and Cu in children exceeded unity, and the Hazard Index (HI) peaked at 5.5 for cocoyam, surpassing the USEPA safety threshold (HI &gt; 1). Total Lifetime Cancer Risk (TLCR) for As reached 1.5 × 10<sup>-4</sup>, exceeding the acceptable limit (1 × 10<sup>-4</sup>). These findings demonstrate significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks, particularly for children consuming food crops from petroleum-exposed soils. Enhanced regulatory oversight, phytoremediation, and continuous biomonitoring are strongly recommended to mitigate dietary exposure in oil-impacted communities.</p>

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Human health risk assessment of metals and metalloid in food crops harvested from crude oil impacted community in Niger Delta, Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月29日

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  • Victoria Koshoffa Akinkpelumi,
  • Chika Maurine Ossai,
  • Prosper Manu Abdulai,
  • Harrison Anezi Ozoani,
  • Eudora Nwanaforo,
  • Cecilia Nwadiuto Obasi,
  • Orish Ebere Orisakwe

摘要

This study evaluated the human health risks associated with consuming food crops contaminated with metals and metalloids in a crude oil–impacted area of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A total of 48 composite samples (12 each of yam, cassava, cocoyam, and waterleaf) were collected from the Ibaa community and its Right-of-Way (ROW) zone. Edible portions were acid-digested (HNO₃/HClO₄, 3:1) and analyzed for As, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GF-AAS; Hitachi Z-2000, Tokyo, Japan). Quality assurance included reagent blanks, certified reference materials, and spike recoveries, with recoveries of 92–107%, RSD < 5%, and detection limits of 1.73 µg/L (Pb), 0.02 µg/L (Cd, Cu, Zn), and 2.0 µg/L (As). Mean concentrations (mg/kg) in crops from the ROW were Pb: 0.0028–0.0118, As: 0.0002–0.0030, Cd: 0.0008–0.0027, Cu: 7.99–9.37, and Zn: 16.17–77.51, while control samples showed significantly lower levels. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated two dominant contamination sources: anthropogenic Pb–Cd inputs from petroleum activities and Cu from agrochemical use. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) revealed higher exposure in children, with maximum values for Zn (7.9 × 10-1 mg/kg/day), Cu (1.0 × 10-1), and As (9.5 × 10-5) in cocoyam. Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) for Zn and Cu in children exceeded unity, and the Hazard Index (HI) peaked at 5.5 for cocoyam, surpassing the USEPA safety threshold (HI > 1). Total Lifetime Cancer Risk (TLCR) for As reached 1.5 × 10-4, exceeding the acceptable limit (1 × 10-4). These findings demonstrate significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks, particularly for children consuming food crops from petroleum-exposed soils. Enhanced regulatory oversight, phytoremediation, and continuous biomonitoring are strongly recommended to mitigate dietary exposure in oil-impacted communities.