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<p>As smart cities and next-generation connected environments continue to grow in scale and complexity, the need for sustainable, maintenance-free energy solutions becomes increasingly urgent. The widespread reliance on batteries to power billions of IoT devices poses significant challenges, including frequent maintenance requirements and substantial environmental impact. A compelling alternative involves harnessing 5G networks, which not only enhance communication capabilities but also enable efficient wireless energy harvesting. In this paper, the authors propose a scalable, broadband, dielectric lens-based mmWave energy harvester with wide total solid angular coverage and mW-level harvesting capabilities. The proposed system features a ’pixel’ array of rectennas, each incorporating a circularly polarized aperture-coupled stacked patch antenna and a broadband, high-sensitivity rectifier, enhanced by a biconvex dielectric lens to achieve a wide solid angle coverage of 2.68&#xa0;sr. The single unit cell, using a single transmitter setup, demonstrated a peak captured power of up to 20&#xa0;mW. By scaling the design to a 2<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>2 structure, the proof-of-concept (PoC) harvester achieved up to 82&#xa0;mW using a two-transmitter setup with incident power density of 0.25<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\text {mW/cm}^2\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. When utilizing the full 75&#xa0;dBm EIRP available at 5G/mmWave, the PoC 2<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>2 harvester can theoretically capture a peak power up to 105&#xa0;mW in addition to harvesting mW levels of power at ranges extending up to 120&#xa0;m. By combining high harvested power with broad-angle coverage, the proposed system outperforms existing state-of-the-art mmWave energy harvesters. With its broadbeam coverage and high efficiency, this architecture presents a compelling pathway to support next-generation smart city applications while minimizing dependence on conventional power infrastructure.</p>

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Scalable lens-enhanced broadbeam mmWave harvester delivering tens of milliwatts for wireless power transfer in next-generation smart city environments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Marvin Joshi,
  • Kexin Hu,
  • Charles A. Lynch III,
  • Manos M. Tentzeris

摘要

As smart cities and next-generation connected environments continue to grow in scale and complexity, the need for sustainable, maintenance-free energy solutions becomes increasingly urgent. The widespread reliance on batteries to power billions of IoT devices poses significant challenges, including frequent maintenance requirements and substantial environmental impact. A compelling alternative involves harnessing 5G networks, which not only enhance communication capabilities but also enable efficient wireless energy harvesting. In this paper, the authors propose a scalable, broadband, dielectric lens-based mmWave energy harvester with wide total solid angular coverage and mW-level harvesting capabilities. The proposed system features a ’pixel’ array of rectennas, each incorporating a circularly polarized aperture-coupled stacked patch antenna and a broadband, high-sensitivity rectifier, enhanced by a biconvex dielectric lens to achieve a wide solid angle coverage of 2.68 sr. The single unit cell, using a single transmitter setup, demonstrated a peak captured power of up to 20 mW. By scaling the design to a 2 \(\times\) 2 structure, the proof-of-concept (PoC) harvester achieved up to 82 mW using a two-transmitter setup with incident power density of 0.25 \(\text {mW/cm}^2\) . When utilizing the full 75 dBm EIRP available at 5G/mmWave, the PoC 2 \(\times\) 2 harvester can theoretically capture a peak power up to 105 mW in addition to harvesting mW levels of power at ranges extending up to 120 m. By combining high harvested power with broad-angle coverage, the proposed system outperforms existing state-of-the-art mmWave energy harvesters. With its broadbeam coverage and high efficiency, this architecture presents a compelling pathway to support next-generation smart city applications while minimizing dependence on conventional power infrastructure.