Scholarlink

<p>In this paper, we proposed a novel multimodal framework that systematically integrates visual, structural, and semantic representations for enhanced URL classification accuracy. Specifically, URLs are first transformed into grayscale images and processed using a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on the ResNet architecture, effectively capturing hidden visual patterns indicative of malicious intent. Concurrently, robust structural features extracted from URLs, such as length, domain specifics, and character distributions, are analyzed using advanced tree-based classifiers, namely XGBoost and CatBoost. Additionally, semantic insights are obtained by embedding raw URL strings into meaningful contextual vectors using a fine-tuned DistilBERT model, leveraging transformer-based deep learning techniques to capture nuanced textual semantics. The resulting outputs from these three complementary modalities–visual, structural, and semantic–are concatenated and further integrated through a fully connected deep neural network (DNN) to perform the final classification. Comprehensive experiments conducted on a large-scale dataset comprising millions of URLs demonstrate that the proposed multimodal fusion framework significantly surpasses traditional single-modal and existing ensemble baselines, achieving a superior performance with an 0.9189 F1-score and an 0.9805 AUC.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Multimodal fusion for malicious URL detection using visual, structural, and semantic representations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

查看全文
  • Junhyeong Lee,
  • Hyun Kwon

摘要

In this paper, we proposed a novel multimodal framework that systematically integrates visual, structural, and semantic representations for enhanced URL classification accuracy. Specifically, URLs are first transformed into grayscale images and processed using a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on the ResNet architecture, effectively capturing hidden visual patterns indicative of malicious intent. Concurrently, robust structural features extracted from URLs, such as length, domain specifics, and character distributions, are analyzed using advanced tree-based classifiers, namely XGBoost and CatBoost. Additionally, semantic insights are obtained by embedding raw URL strings into meaningful contextual vectors using a fine-tuned DistilBERT model, leveraging transformer-based deep learning techniques to capture nuanced textual semantics. The resulting outputs from these three complementary modalities–visual, structural, and semantic–are concatenated and further integrated through a fully connected deep neural network (DNN) to perform the final classification. Comprehensive experiments conducted on a large-scale dataset comprising millions of URLs demonstrate that the proposed multimodal fusion framework significantly surpasses traditional single-modal and existing ensemble baselines, achieving a superior performance with an 0.9189 F1-score and an 0.9805 AUC.