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<p>This work synthesizes and updates findings from previous systematic-reviews and meta-analyses on open-label placebos (OLPs). For the first time, it directly tests whether OLPs differ in effects between clinical and non-clinical samples, and between self-report and objective outcomes. We searched eight databases up to November 9, 2023, and included 60 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), compromising 63 separate comparisons. OLPs yielded a small positive effect across various health-related outcomes (k = 63, <i>n</i> = 4554, SMD = 0.35, CI 95% = 0.26; 0.44, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001, I<sup>2</sup> = 53%). The effect differed between clinical (k = 24, <i>n</i> = 1383, SMD = 0.47) and non-clinical samples (k = 39, <i>n</i> = 3171, SMD = 0.29; Q = 4.25, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), as well as between self-reported (k = 55, <i>n</i> = 3919, SMD = 0.39) and objective outcomes (k = 17, <i>n</i> = 1250, SMD = 0.09; Q = 7.24, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Neithter the level of suggestiveness nor the type of control moderated the effect. These findings confirm that OLPs are effective for both clinical and non-clinical samples—particularly when effects are assessed via self-reports.</p>

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Effects of open-label placebos across populations and outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月15日

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  • Johannes C. Fendel,
  • Carl Tiersch,
  • Paul Sölder,
  • Jens Gaab,
  • Stefan Schmidt

摘要

This work synthesizes and updates findings from previous systematic-reviews and meta-analyses on open-label placebos (OLPs). For the first time, it directly tests whether OLPs differ in effects between clinical and non-clinical samples, and between self-report and objective outcomes. We searched eight databases up to November 9, 2023, and included 60 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), compromising 63 separate comparisons. OLPs yielded a small positive effect across various health-related outcomes (k = 63, n = 4554, SMD = 0.35, CI 95% = 0.26; 0.44, p < 0.0001, I2 = 53%). The effect differed between clinical (k = 24, n = 1383, SMD = 0.47) and non-clinical samples (k = 39, n = 3171, SMD = 0.29; Q = 4.25, p < 0.05), as well as between self-reported (k = 55, n = 3919, SMD = 0.39) and objective outcomes (k = 17, n = 1250, SMD = 0.09; Q = 7.24, p < 0.01). Neithter the level of suggestiveness nor the type of control moderated the effect. These findings confirm that OLPs are effective for both clinical and non-clinical samples—particularly when effects are assessed via self-reports.