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<p>This study investigates Marangoni convection in a liquid metal-filled cubic cavity, relevant to fusion reactor plasma-facing components, using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations with a self-developed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code. The effects of magnetic field strength (Hartmann number, <i>Ha</i> = 0–200) and orientation (<i>x, y, z</i> directions) are analyzed at a fixed Reynolds number (<i>Re</i> = 100,000). Strong magnetic fields suppress convection, with the&#xa0;<i>x and y</i>&#xa0;directions exhibiting greater suppression than the <i>z</i>&#xa0;direction. Lorentz forces in the<i> x</i>-direction minimally affect surface flow while suppressing core motion, whereas in the <i>y</i>-direction, they significantly reduce surface velocity, leading to an M-shaped velocity profile. In contrast, a <i>z</i>-directional field induces a non-monotonic heat transfer efficiency, enhancing the Nusselt number at low strengths (<i>Ha</i> &lt; 30) by augmenting Hartmann layer flow and suppressing it at higher strengths (<i>Ha</i> = 200) due to flow inhibition. These findings reveal distinct flow structure variations driven by anisotropic Lorentz force effects, providing critical insights for optimizing liquid metal applications in magnetic confinement fusion systems.</p>

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Anisotropic Lorentz force effects on the Marangoni convection in liquid metal systems for fusion applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月26日

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  • Xu Meng,
  • Long Chen

摘要

This study investigates Marangoni convection in a liquid metal-filled cubic cavity, relevant to fusion reactor plasma-facing components, using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations with a self-developed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code. The effects of magnetic field strength (Hartmann number, Ha = 0–200) and orientation (x, y, z directions) are analyzed at a fixed Reynolds number (Re = 100,000). Strong magnetic fields suppress convection, with the x and y directions exhibiting greater suppression than the z direction. Lorentz forces in the x-direction minimally affect surface flow while suppressing core motion, whereas in the y-direction, they significantly reduce surface velocity, leading to an M-shaped velocity profile. In contrast, a z-directional field induces a non-monotonic heat transfer efficiency, enhancing the Nusselt number at low strengths (Ha < 30) by augmenting Hartmann layer flow and suppressing it at higher strengths (Ha = 200) due to flow inhibition. These findings reveal distinct flow structure variations driven by anisotropic Lorentz force effects, providing critical insights for optimizing liquid metal applications in magnetic confinement fusion systems.