<p>This study examines the impacts of climate variability and adaptation strategies on staple crop productivity in the Hawassa Zuria and Boricha districts of Sidama, Ethiopia. Using household survey data, multiple linear regression, instrumental variable (2SLS), and multinomial logit models were employed to analyze the relationships between climate factors, adaptation strategies, and crop productivity. Findings reveal that rainfall variation strongly correlates with Enset (r = 0.667) and maize (r = 0.654) yields, emphasizing the importance of moisture availability. Rising temperatures, especially minimum temperatures, negatively impact maize yields, with significant declines during the Belg (r = – 0.547) and Kiremt (r = – 0.508) seasons. Regression analysis shows that climate factors explain 54% of Enset and 77% of maize yield variability. Adaptation strategies such as irrigation, agroforestry, improved crop varieties, and water conservation significantly enhance yields. Improved maize and Haricot bean varieties increase productivity, while the impact on Enset is less pronounced. Fertilizer use benefits Enset and maize, whereas livestock fattening negatively affects maize due to resource competition. Adaptation adoption varies by agroecological zone, with Kolla zones favoring irrigation and water conservation. Access to climate information, agricultural extension services, markets, credit, and livestock ownership also influence adaptation decisions. To enhance food security and resilience, the study recommends promoting sustainable irrigation, increasing climate information access, and strengthening extension services. Policymakers should improve market access, support improved crop varieties and fertilizers, and educate farmers on livestock management. Integrating crop-livestock systems and prioritizing gender-inclusive policies can optimize resource use and build resilience.</p>