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<p>Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is astaple crop that is essential for global food security and nutrition. However,cadmium (Cd) stress significantly impairs plant growth and development by disruptingbiological processes. This study investigated the potential of the use of CuOnanoparticles synthesized from <i>Melia azedarach</i>(MA-CuONPs) as a strategy to mitigate the lethal effects ofCdCl<sub>2</sub> and enhance the resilience of <i>T. aestivum</i> L. cv. Arooj-22. The experiment utilized acompletely randomized design with a two-factor factorial arrangement and threereplications. The green synthesis of MA-CuONPs was achieved via the use of <i>M. azedarach</i> leaves, where copper ions are reduced byplant extracts. The NPs were analyzed via a UV spectrophotometer, which showed amaximum absorbance at 218&#xa0;nm, confirming the successful formation ofgreen-synthesized MA-CuONPs. The CdCl<sub>2</sub> concentrations usedwere 0, 10, 20, and 30&#xa0;ppm, whereas MA-CuONPs were applied at concentrations of 0,10, 15, and 20&#xa0;ppm. CdCl<sub>2</sub> was administered 15&#xa0;dayspostgermination, and MA-CuONPs were foliar sprayed during three growth stages,namely, tillering, jointing, and heading, with Tween 80 as a surfactant. Themorphological, physiological, and anatomical parameters of the stem and root andyield parameters were recorded and analyzed via Statisticin 8.1 (two-way ANOVA). Theresults indicated that at the highest Cd concentration (30&#xa0;ppm), all the measuredparameters significantly decreased, reflecting the adverse effects of Cd stress.Conversely, the application of 20&#xa0;ppm MA-CuONPs significantly increased all theparameters, demonstrating their ability to mitigate Cd-induced stress. As the Cdconcentration increased, a corresponding decline in plant performance was observed,while increasing the CuNP concentration led to improved growth and resilience. Thisstudy highlights the potential of CuNPs to increase wheat performance under heavymetal stress, positioning them as a promising approach for improving wheatresilience and productivity in contaminated environments.</p>

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Investigating the use of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles from Melia azedarach to combat cadmium stress in wheat

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月25日

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  • Iram Naz,
  • Maryam,
  • Aysha Arif Chahel,
  • Ishtiaq Ahmad,
  • Amber Raza,
  • Muhammad Waseem Haider,
  • Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer,
  • Muhammad Waheed Riaz,
  • Muhammad Rizwan,
  • Salim Manoharadas

摘要

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is astaple crop that is essential for global food security and nutrition. However,cadmium (Cd) stress significantly impairs plant growth and development by disruptingbiological processes. This study investigated the potential of the use of CuOnanoparticles synthesized from Melia azedarach(MA-CuONPs) as a strategy to mitigate the lethal effects ofCdCl2 and enhance the resilience of T. aestivum L. cv. Arooj-22. The experiment utilized acompletely randomized design with a two-factor factorial arrangement and threereplications. The green synthesis of MA-CuONPs was achieved via the use of M. azedarach leaves, where copper ions are reduced byplant extracts. The NPs were analyzed via a UV spectrophotometer, which showed amaximum absorbance at 218 nm, confirming the successful formation ofgreen-synthesized MA-CuONPs. The CdCl2 concentrations usedwere 0, 10, 20, and 30 ppm, whereas MA-CuONPs were applied at concentrations of 0,10, 15, and 20 ppm. CdCl2 was administered 15 dayspostgermination, and MA-CuONPs were foliar sprayed during three growth stages,namely, tillering, jointing, and heading, with Tween 80 as a surfactant. Themorphological, physiological, and anatomical parameters of the stem and root andyield parameters were recorded and analyzed via Statisticin 8.1 (two-way ANOVA). Theresults indicated that at the highest Cd concentration (30 ppm), all the measuredparameters significantly decreased, reflecting the adverse effects of Cd stress.Conversely, the application of 20 ppm MA-CuONPs significantly increased all theparameters, demonstrating their ability to mitigate Cd-induced stress. As the Cdconcentration increased, a corresponding decline in plant performance was observed,while increasing the CuNP concentration led to improved growth and resilience. Thisstudy highlights the potential of CuNPs to increase wheat performance under heavymetal stress, positioning them as a promising approach for improving wheatresilience and productivity in contaminated environments.