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<p>During the extreme space weather event on May 10, 2024, a pronounced super-fountain effect was observed, driven by the prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) and pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) electric field. For this event, the SWARM-A satellite data provided unprecedented insights into the global impact of these electric fields due to its favorable orbit configuration which covered the local dusk sector. Observations revealed significant enhancements in the equatorial fountain, particularly over longitudes between <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_8843_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="25" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(20^\circ\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> E and 55<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_8843_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="7" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="9" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^\circ\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> W. Notably, this study also detected the first in-situ observational evidence of electron temperature (T<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_8843_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="8" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_e\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) increases in the evening equatorial ionosphere during an extreme geomagnetic storm, with T<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_8843_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="8" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_e\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> enhancements aligning with the super-fountain effect’s extent. Additionally, westward electric fields were observed over a nearby longitude along with significant positive storm effects, highlighting the complex and localized nature of impact caused by extreme space weather.</p>

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Electrodynamic forcing of the Duskside ionosphere and the super fountain effect during the superstorm of May 10 to 11 2024

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月22日

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  • Indu Venugopal,
  • Smitha V. Thampi,
  • Ankush Bhaskar

摘要

During the extreme space weather event on May 10, 2024, a pronounced super-fountain effect was observed, driven by the prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) and pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) electric field. For this event, the SWARM-A satellite data provided unprecedented insights into the global impact of these electric fields due to its favorable orbit configuration which covered the local dusk sector. Observations revealed significant enhancements in the equatorial fountain, particularly over longitudes between \(20^\circ\) E and 55 \(^\circ\) W. Notably, this study also detected the first in-situ observational evidence of electron temperature (T \(_e\) ) increases in the evening equatorial ionosphere during an extreme geomagnetic storm, with T \(_e\) enhancements aligning with the super-fountain effect’s extent. Additionally, westward electric fields were observed over a nearby longitude along with significant positive storm effects, highlighting the complex and localized nature of impact caused by extreme space weather.