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<p>The presence of pharmaceutical pollutants, such as clonazepam (CZP), in aquatic environments poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. This study introduces a novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) method utilizing a urea-modified metal-organic framework (MIL-101(Fe)-Urea) for the selective preconcentration and quantification of CZP in environmental water samples, then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The MIL-101(Fe)-Urea adsorbent was synthesized through a post-synthetic modification approach and characterized using FTIR, PXRD, SEM, BET, and EDX techniques. Key extraction parameters, including pH, adsorbent dosage, extraction/desorption times, and sample volume, were optimized to achieve maximum adsorption efficiency. Under optimal conditions, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.997) within a concentration range of 20–1500&#xa0;µg L<sup>−1</sup>, with a low detection limit (LOD = 0.030&#xa0;µg L<sup>−1</sup>), high recovery rates (94.9–99.0%), and a relative standard deviation of 1.4%. The developed method was successfully applied to real environmental water samples, confirming its practicality for environmental monitoring. This study highlights the potential of MIL-101(Fe)-Urea as an advanced adsorbent for the analysis of pharmaceutical contaminants, contributing to the development of efficient and environmentally friendly analytical techniques for water quality assessment.</p>

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Highly selective solid phase extraction of clonazepam from water using a urea modified MOF prior to HPLC analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月7日

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  • Marzieh Sharifi-Rad,
  • Asma Khoobi,
  • Mostafa Khajeh,
  • Massoud Kaykhaii,
  • Ali Reza Oveisi

摘要

The presence of pharmaceutical pollutants, such as clonazepam (CZP), in aquatic environments poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. This study introduces a novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) method utilizing a urea-modified metal-organic framework (MIL-101(Fe)-Urea) for the selective preconcentration and quantification of CZP in environmental water samples, then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The MIL-101(Fe)-Urea adsorbent was synthesized through a post-synthetic modification approach and characterized using FTIR, PXRD, SEM, BET, and EDX techniques. Key extraction parameters, including pH, adsorbent dosage, extraction/desorption times, and sample volume, were optimized to achieve maximum adsorption efficiency. Under optimal conditions, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 = 0.997) within a concentration range of 20–1500 µg L−1, with a low detection limit (LOD = 0.030 µg L−1), high recovery rates (94.9–99.0%), and a relative standard deviation of 1.4%. The developed method was successfully applied to real environmental water samples, confirming its practicality for environmental monitoring. This study highlights the potential of MIL-101(Fe)-Urea as an advanced adsorbent for the analysis of pharmaceutical contaminants, contributing to the development of efficient and environmentally friendly analytical techniques for water quality assessment.