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<p>This study successfully synthesized Hydrochar (HC) and Modified Hydrochar (MHC), two affordable and environmentally friendly adsorbents, utilizing an integration of chemical activation and hydrothermal carbonization. Subsequently, the artificially produced adsorbents were employed to eradicate the Alizarin Red S (ARS) dye from the aquatic environment. The physical and chemical nature of the HC and MHC adsorbents were assessed by various characterization approaches namely, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and BET analysis. MHC and HC adsorbents have surface areas of 23.435 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 14.519 m<sup>2</sup>/g, according to BET analysis. The pore diameters of the MHC and HC adsorbents have been 3.05489&#xa0;nm and 3.06075&#xa0;nm, respectively. These materials’ pore diameters, ranging from 2 to 50&#xa0;nm, show that the created materials are mesopores. For both adsorbents, the most fitting model based on the two and three-parameter models is the Freundlich isotherm. According to the adsorption kinetics, the system obeys physisorption for both adsorbents. Both adsorbents employed an exothermic nature to carry out the adsorption process. Up to five cycles of regeneration are possible for both adsorbents with little reduction in their effectiveness. Moreover, the possible adsorption mechanism reveals that the dye removal was carried out through π-π attraction, electrostatic interaction, and hydroxyl interaction.</p>

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Adsorptive potential of hydrochar produced from avocado waste biomass for the sequestration of Alizarin red S dye from aquatic environment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月30日

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  • G. Bharath Balji,
  • P. Senthil Kumar,
  • B. Chitra,
  • V. Parthasarathy,
  • Gayathri Rangasamy

摘要

This study successfully synthesized Hydrochar (HC) and Modified Hydrochar (MHC), two affordable and environmentally friendly adsorbents, utilizing an integration of chemical activation and hydrothermal carbonization. Subsequently, the artificially produced adsorbents were employed to eradicate the Alizarin Red S (ARS) dye from the aquatic environment. The physical and chemical nature of the HC and MHC adsorbents were assessed by various characterization approaches namely, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and BET analysis. MHC and HC adsorbents have surface areas of 23.435 m2/g and 14.519 m2/g, according to BET analysis. The pore diameters of the MHC and HC adsorbents have been 3.05489 nm and 3.06075 nm, respectively. These materials’ pore diameters, ranging from 2 to 50 nm, show that the created materials are mesopores. For both adsorbents, the most fitting model based on the two and three-parameter models is the Freundlich isotherm. According to the adsorption kinetics, the system obeys physisorption for both adsorbents. Both adsorbents employed an exothermic nature to carry out the adsorption process. Up to five cycles of regeneration are possible for both adsorbents with little reduction in their effectiveness. Moreover, the possible adsorption mechanism reveals that the dye removal was carried out through π-π attraction, electrostatic interaction, and hydroxyl interaction.