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<p>This study focuses on the synthesis of an Ag/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite and its application for the photocatalytic degradation of azithromycin and ceftriaxone in aqueous solutions. The g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> was prepared via a two-step calcination method, while the Ag/g-C3N<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite was synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal approach. The physicochemical properties of the nanocomposite were thoroughly characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, TEM, and VSM. Process optimization based on the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) identified optimal conditions at pH 5.2, a catalyst dose of 0.42&#xa0;g/L, reaction time of 107&#xa0;min, and an initial antibiotic concentration of 10&#xa0;mg/L. Under these conditions, the nanocomposite achieved degradation efficiencies of 83.3 ± 2.1% for azithromycin and 93.3 ± 1.8% for ceftriaxone. COD and TOC reductions were measured at 65.5% and 52%, respectively, although intermediate products decelerated mineralization. Catalyst reusability was demonstrated with a performance decline of less than 13% after six cycles. Additionally, light intensity and the presence of scavengers and inorganic ions were evaluated, revealing that hydroxyl radicals (OH<sup>•</sup>) play a dominant role in the degradation process. The nanocomposite also exhibited enhanced visible light absorption due to its tailored bandgap and electron-hole separation efficiency. The findings confirm that the Ag/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite is a robust and efficient photocatalyst for antibiotic degradation, offering a sustainable and effective solution for wastewater treatment applications.</p>

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Photocatalytic degradation of azithromycin and ceftriaxone using synthesized Ag/g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites in aqueous solution

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月28日

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  • Amirali Emadi Khyave,
  • Roya Mafigholami,
  • Asghar Davood,
  • Amirhossein Mahvi,
  • Lida Salimi

摘要

This study focuses on the synthesis of an Ag/g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its application for the photocatalytic degradation of azithromycin and ceftriaxone in aqueous solutions. The g-C3N4 was prepared via a two-step calcination method, while the Ag/g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal approach. The physicochemical properties of the nanocomposite were thoroughly characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, TEM, and VSM. Process optimization based on the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) identified optimal conditions at pH 5.2, a catalyst dose of 0.42 g/L, reaction time of 107 min, and an initial antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/L. Under these conditions, the nanocomposite achieved degradation efficiencies of 83.3 ± 2.1% for azithromycin and 93.3 ± 1.8% for ceftriaxone. COD and TOC reductions were measured at 65.5% and 52%, respectively, although intermediate products decelerated mineralization. Catalyst reusability was demonstrated with a performance decline of less than 13% after six cycles. Additionally, light intensity and the presence of scavengers and inorganic ions were evaluated, revealing that hydroxyl radicals (OH•) play a dominant role in the degradation process. The nanocomposite also exhibited enhanced visible light absorption due to its tailored bandgap and electron-hole separation efficiency. The findings confirm that the Ag/g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite is a robust and efficient photocatalyst for antibiotic degradation, offering a sustainable and effective solution for wastewater treatment applications.