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<p>Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have gained popularity in recent years due to their ability to represent complex tissues or organs more faithfully than conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. This article reviews the application of both 2D and 3D microscopy approaches for monitoring and studying 3D cell cultures. We first summarize the most popular optical microscopy methods that have been used with 3D cell cultures. We then discuss the general advantages and disadvantages of various microscopy techniques for several broad categories of investigation involving 3D cell cultures. Finally, we provide perspectives on key areas of technical need in which there are clear opportunities for innovation. Our goal is to guide microscope engineers and biomedical end users toward optimal imaging methods for specific investigational scenarios and to identify use cases in which additional innovations in high-resolution imaging could be helpful.</p>

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Imaging 3D cell cultures with optical microscopy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月17日

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  • Huai-Ching Hsieh,
  • Qinghua Han,
  • David Brenes,
  • Kevin W. Bishop,
  • Rui Wang,
  • Yuli Wang,
  • Chetan Poudel,
  • Adam K. Glaser,
  • Benjamin S. Freedman,
  • Joshua C. Vaughan,
  • Nancy L. Allbritton,
  • Jonathan T. C. Liu

摘要

Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have gained popularity in recent years due to their ability to represent complex tissues or organs more faithfully than conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. This article reviews the application of both 2D and 3D microscopy approaches for monitoring and studying 3D cell cultures. We first summarize the most popular optical microscopy methods that have been used with 3D cell cultures. We then discuss the general advantages and disadvantages of various microscopy techniques for several broad categories of investigation involving 3D cell cultures. Finally, we provide perspectives on key areas of technical need in which there are clear opportunities for innovation. Our goal is to guide microscope engineers and biomedical end users toward optimal imaging methods for specific investigational scenarios and to identify use cases in which additional innovations in high-resolution imaging could be helpful.