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<p>Quantum error correction (QEC) is the primary strategy for protecting a quantum computer from the environment<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef>,<CitationRef CitationID="CR2">2</CitationRef></sup>. The prerequisite of QEC is that errors must remain sufficiently rare, which requires perpetually adapting the control parameters of the computer to the drifting environmental conditions. The current solution to this problem is to terminate the entire quantum computation for recalibration, but it is incompatible with the long runtimes of future quantum algorithms<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR3">3</CitationRef>,<CitationRef CitationID="CR4">4</CitationRef></sup>. Here we address this challenge by unifying calibration with computation. We grant the QEC process<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10" CitationID="CR5">5</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR11">11</CitationRef></sup> a dual role: its error-detection events are not only used to correct the logical quantum state but are&#xa0;also repurposed as a learning signal, teaching a reinforcement learning agent<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR13 CR14 CR15" CitationID="CR12">12</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR16">16</CitationRef></sup> to continuously steer the control parameters and stabilize the quantum system during computation. We experimentally demonstrate this framework on a Willow superconducting processor, improving the logical stability of the surface code 3.5-fold against injected drift. By synthesizing our full suite of technological advances, we achieve record performance of the surface and colour codes, with average logical error per cycle of 7.72(9)&#xa0;×&#xa0;10<sup>−4</sup> and 8.19(14)&#xa0;×&#xa0;10<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. Numerical simulations of large codes with tens of thousands of control parameters confirm the scalability of our RL framework, revealing an optimization speed that is independent of system size. This work thus enables a new paradigm: a quantum computer that learns from its errors and never stops computing.</p>

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Reinforcement learning control of quantum error correction

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Volodymyr Sivak,
  • Alexis Morvan,
  • Michael Broughton,
  • Rodrigo G. Cortiñas,
  • Johannes Bausch,
  • Andrew W. Senior,
  • Matthew Neeley,
  • Alec Eickbusch,
  • Noah Shutty,
  • Laleh Aghababaie Beni,
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  • Dmitry Abanin,
  • Amira Abbas,
  • Rajeev Acharya,
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  • Ross Alcaraz,
  • Sayra Alcaraz,
  • Trond I. Andersen,
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  • Frank Arute,
  • Kunal Arya,
  • Walt Askew,
  • Nikita Astrakhantsev,
  • Juan Atalaya,
  • Brian Ballard,
  • Joseph C. Bardin,
  • Hector Bates,
  • Andreas Bengtsson,
  • Majid Bigdeli Karimi,
  • Alexander Bilmes,
  • Simon Bilodeau,
  • Felix Borjans,
  • Alexandre Bourassa,
  • Jenna Bovaird,
  • Dylan Bowers,
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  • Peter Brooks,
  • David A. Browne,
  • Brett Buchea,
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  • Tim Burger,
  • Brian Burkett,
  • Nicholas Bushnell,
  • Jamal Busnaina,
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  • Juan Campero,
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  • Silas Chen,
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摘要

Quantum error correction (QEC) is the primary strategy for protecting a quantum computer from the environment1,2. The prerequisite of QEC is that errors must remain sufficiently rare, which requires perpetually adapting the control parameters of the computer to the drifting environmental conditions. The current solution to this problem is to terminate the entire quantum computation for recalibration, but it is incompatible with the long runtimes of future quantum algorithms3,4. Here we address this challenge by unifying calibration with computation. We grant the QEC process5–11 a dual role: its error-detection events are not only used to correct the logical quantum state but are also repurposed as a learning signal, teaching a reinforcement learning agent12–16 to continuously steer the control parameters and stabilize the quantum system during computation. We experimentally demonstrate this framework on a Willow superconducting processor, improving the logical stability of the surface code 3.5-fold against injected drift. By synthesizing our full suite of technological advances, we achieve record performance of the surface and colour codes, with average logical error per cycle of 7.72(9) × 10−4 and 8.19(14) × 10−3, respectively. Numerical simulations of large codes with tens of thousands of control parameters confirm the scalability of our RL framework, revealing an optimization speed that is independent of system size. This work thus enables a new paradigm: a quantum computer that learns from its errors and never stops computing.