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<p>Commercially relevant quantum computers will require large numbers of high-performing qubits that can be manufactured, integrated and controlled at scale. Silicon exchange-only qubits<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9" CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR10">10</CitationRef></sup> are a strong candidate modality owing to their control-signal simplicity and compatibility with advanced semiconductor manufacturing<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR12" CitationID="CR11">11</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR13">13</CitationRef></sup>, but questions remain around the achievability of sufficiently low noise and a scalable control and wiring solution<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18" CitationID="CR13">13</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR19">19</CitationRef></sup>. Here we introduce a quantum processing unit composed of a custom-designed cryogenic complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)&#xa0;controller, a high-density superconducting ribbon cable and a low-noise exchange-only qubit device. The quantum chip features a 3-rail array of 54 exchange-coupled quantum dots, configurable to host up to 18 exchange-only qubits. We integrate and use these components to demonstrate qubit performance for both single-qubit and entangling operations that advances the exchange-only state of the art<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR7">7</CitationRef>,<CitationRef CitationID="CR8">8</CitationRef>,<CitationRef CitationID="CR10">10</CitationRef></sup> by an order of magnitude. We further validate this system by implementing a distance-5 repetition code<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR20">20</CitationRef></sup> and a distance-2 quantum error-detecting code<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25" CitationID="CR21">21</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR26">26</CitationRef></sup> and then make detailed comparisons with simulations. Our work facilitates the development of future utility-scale quantum computers with manageable operational and capital requirements.</p>

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A digitally controlled silicon quantum processing unit

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Michael Abraham,
  • Edwin Acuna,
  • Tower S. Adams,
  • Moonmoon Akmal,
  • Matthew R. Alfaro,
  • I. Alvarado,
  • Jacob Amontree,
  • Carter Andrews,
  • Reed W. Andrews,
  • Michael Antcliffe,
  • André R. Asencio,
  • Ryan M. Avila Batres,
  • Cynthia D. Baringer,
  • David W. Barnes,
  • Katherine M. Beech,
  • Russell G. Blakey,
  • Zachery T. Bloom,
  • Aaron J. Bluestone,
  • Jacob Z. Blumoff,
  • Matthew G. Borselli,
  • Koel A. Bose,
  • Brydon Boyd,
  • Jacob T. Boyer,
  • Teresa L. Brecht,
  • Christopher C. Brough,
  • Rex A. Brown,
  • Steven L. Brown,
  • Tyler A. Cain,
  • John B. Carpenter,
  • Stephen Carr,
  • Faustin W. Carter,
  • Mitchell Casanova,
  • Jacob L. Chambers,
  • Matthew D. Chambers,
  • Khamsorn L. Chanthavong,
  • James M. Chappell,
  • Rhian Chavez,
  • Kevin C. Chen,
  • Peter S. Chen,
  • Maxwell D. Choi,
  • Krishna Choudhary,
  • Matthew N. H. Chow,
  • Justin E. Christensen,
  • Aaron M. Chronister,
  • Andrew M. Clapper,
  • Abigail A. Coker,
  • Michael D. Cornelius,
  • Albert E. Cosand,
  • Ian T. Counts,
  • Edward T. Croke,
  • Gregory M. Crosswhite,
  • Adam Dally,
  • Erik S. Daniel,
  • Tuan A. Dao,
  • Dominic Daprano,
  • Tiffany Davis,
  • Neha Deshpande,
  • Rachel S. Dey,
  • D. Scott Diamond,
  • Claire E. Dickerson,
  • J. P. Dodson,
  • James B. Dragan,
  • Marc Dvorak,
  • Lisa F. Edge,
  • Charles R. Elliott,
  • Kenneth R. Elliott,
  • Kevin Eng,
  • Jacob Fast,
  • Colin P. Feeney,
  • David J. Fialkow,
  • Dylan H. Finestone,
  • Micha N. Fireman,
  • Bryan H. Fong,
  • Trevor M. Fowler,
  • Sean Frazier,
  • Kiera L. Fuller,
  • Christina A. C. Garcia,
  • Kacy L. Garstka,
  • Kara C. Garvey,
  • Zachary A. Geiger,
  • Galen R. Gledhill,
  • Caleigh M. Goodwin-Schoen,
  • Joseph L. Goralka,
  • Bradley W. Greene,
  • Hrayr K. Gurgenian,
  • Sieu D. Ha,
  • Wonill Ha,
  • Nathanial R. Hapeman,
  • Brooke M. Hardesty,
  • Jim W. Harrington,
  • Patrick M. Harrington,
  • Thomas R. B. Harris,
  • Ben M. Harrison,
  • Anthony T. Hatke,
  • Robert R. Hayes,
  • Kevin He,
  • Raul Hernandez Garcia,
  • Ryan M. Hickey,
  • Jocelyn Hicks-Garner,
  • Alex Hirman,
  • Donald A. Hitko,
  • David Ho,
  • Holland Y. Ho,
  • Vinh S. Ho,
  • nathan holman,
  • Adam Holmes,
  • Nerys Huffman,
  • Daniel R. Hulbert,
  • Eric B. Isaacs,
  • Clayton A. C. Jackson,
  • Logan Jaeger,
  • Ian Jenkins,
  • Cameron Jennings,
  • Paul C. Jerger,
  • B. Johnson,
  • Aaron M. Jones,
  • Michael P. Jura,
  • Adour V. Kabakian,
  • Raj M. Katti,
  • Tyler Keating,
  • Joseph Kerckhoff,
  • Joseph D. Kern,
  • Isaac Khalaf,
  • Aditya Kher,
  • Jake J. Kim,
  • Erich W. Kinder,
  • Andrey A. Kiselev,
  • William F. Koehl,
  • Patrick W. Krantz,
  • Thaddeus D. Ladd,
  • Pierce G. Laing,
  • Sanaaya Lakdawala,
  • Nathan J. Lang,
  • Robert Lanza,
  • Elias Lawson-Fox,
  • Dustin Le,
  • Kangmu Lee,
  • Nathan R. A. Lee,
  • Jaime Lerma,
  • Mark P. Levendorf,
  • Alwina R. Liu,
  • Henry Lizarraga,
  • Aurelio Lopez,
  • Hoa C. Ly,
  • Torrey T. Lyons,
  • Theodore K. Macioce,
  • Matthew M. Mackey,
  • John K. Maeda,
  • Ryan M. Martin,
  • Daniel S. Matic,
  • Justine W. Matten,
  • Gavin C. Mazur,
  • Max S. McCready,
  • Olivia Means,
  • Kevin E. Millner,
  • Ivan Milosavljevic,
  • Matthew Morris,
  • Susan L. Morton,
  • Samuel Mumford,
  • Bryce D. Murley,
  • Robert G. Nagele,
  • Taro A. Naoi,
  • Cameron R. Nelson,
  • Georgia A. Newman,
  • David B. Nguyen,
  • Tina Niknejad,
  • Rebecca N. Nishide,
  • Liam C. O’Brien,
  • Colin B. E. O’Keefe,
  • Riley P. O’Neil,
  • Andrew E. Oriani,
  • Anthony F. Ortiz,
  • John J. Ottusch,
  • Andrew Pan,
  • Pamela R. Patterson,
  • Uttam Paudel,
  • Julius C. Perez,
  • Christi A. Peterson,
  • Vu T. Phan,
  • Nickolas H. Pilgram,
  • Clifford E. Plesha,
  • Winston Pouse,
  • Eric M. Prophet,
  • Daniel R. Queen,
  • Nicholas Quirk,
  • Kate Raach,
  • Matthew T. Rakher,
  • Matthew D. Reed,
  • Brandon D. Reynolds,
  • Luke D. Robertson,
  • Zechariah Rogers,
  • Yakov Royter,
  • Matthew J. Ruiz,
  • Golam Sabbir,
  • Roshan Sajjad,
  • Christopher D. Sanborn,
  • Rachel H. Sarmiento,
  • Christian J. Schnaible,
  • Cole Scott,
  • Nicholas M. Sebastiani,
  • Eric M. Segall,
  • Alen Senanian,
  • Adalberto Sicairos,
  • Shariq Siddiqui,
  • Kartik Singh,
  • Aaron Smith,
  • Daniel E. Smith,
  • Robert S. Smith,
  • Sarah F. Sontag,
  • Emilio A. Sovero,
  • Kevin C. Staley,
  • Andrea Su,
  • June Suh,
  • Bo Sun,
  • Danny Sun,
  • Christopher M. Swank,
  • Noah Swimmer,
  • Mariano J. Taboada,
  • Bryan J. Thomas,
  • Yessica Torres,
  • Jeremy W. Touve,
  • Alan Tran,
  • Ivan Tran,
  • Chantang Tsen,
  • Skylar Turner,
  • Miguel Valencia,
  • Irma Valles,
  • James R. van Meter,
  • Nicholas D. VanRensselaer,
  • Franklin Vartanian,
  • Daniel Volya,
  • Zachary J. Vrba,
  • Phuong Hong Vu,
  • Annette L. Wagner,
  • John Wallner,
  • Michael P. Walsh,
  • Shuoqin Wang,
  • Tong Wang,
  • Daniel R. Ward,
  • Aaron J. Weinstein,
  • Terry B. Welch,
  • Thomas V. Westrick,
  • Evan T. White,
  • Randall M. White,
  • Samuel J. Whiteley,
  • Gananath Wijeratne,
  • Parker Williams,
  • Jack T. Wilson,
  • Courtney P. Wilt,
  • Deborah E. Winklea,
  • Onnik Yaglioglu,
  • Daniel Yap,
  • Clifford S. YoungSciortino,
  • Daniel Zehnder,
  • Andrew Ziegler

摘要

Commercially relevant quantum computers will require large numbers of high-performing qubits that can be manufactured, integrated and controlled at scale. Silicon exchange-only qubits1–10 are a strong candidate modality owing to their control-signal simplicity and compatibility with advanced semiconductor manufacturing11–13, but questions remain around the achievability of sufficiently low noise and a scalable control and wiring solution13–19. Here we introduce a quantum processing unit composed of a custom-designed cryogenic complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) controller, a high-density superconducting ribbon cable and a low-noise exchange-only qubit device. The quantum chip features a 3-rail array of 54 exchange-coupled quantum dots, configurable to host up to 18 exchange-only qubits. We integrate and use these components to demonstrate qubit performance for both single-qubit and entangling operations that advances the exchange-only state of the art7,8,10 by an order of magnitude. We further validate this system by implementing a distance-5 repetition code20 and a distance-2 quantum error-detecting code21–26 and then make detailed comparisons with simulations. Our work facilitates the development of future utility-scale quantum computers with manageable operational and capital requirements.