Terrestrial water availability is a key determinant of human and ecosystem well-being1,2. Apart from mean precipitation and evaporation changes3,4, it is unknown how daily-scale precipitation concentration into fewer, heavier events affects hydrologic partitioning and the land water balance5–9. Here we show observationally that more concentrated precipitation decreases land water availability across all climates globally, a drying effect as strong in magnitude as the wetting effect of increased total precipitation. Simple and complex land-surface models recover the observed effect, whereas idealized simulations show that it arises from enhanced evaporation caused by hydrologic partitioning changes at the land surface. Projected terrestrial water storage impacts of warming-driven precipitation concentration at about 2 °C of warming shift the land surface to abnormally dry conditions (≥0.5 standard deviation10) for 27% of the global population, independent of any total precipitation or irrigation changes. Our results show new key determinants of the land water balance, highlighting its sensitivity to the temporal distribution of precipitation, with broad implications for future water availability.
