<p>Limited understanding of the biological processes that govern metastatic dissemination hinders its prevention and treatment<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef></sup>. Here, using 501 longitudinally collected primary and metastatic tumour samples from 24 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) enrolled in the TRACERx lung study and PEACE autopsy programme, we infer tumour evolution from diagnosis to death. With DNA-sequencing data encompassing 70% of the&#xa0;metastases that were radiologically detected before death and paired multi-region sampled primary tumours, we show that the genomes of metastases diverge markedly from those of their ancestral primary tumour, with additional&#xa0;driver alterations and genome doubling&#xa0;events occurring after metastatic dissemination. In 62.5% of patients, multiple primary tumour subclones disseminated, each founding a distinct metastasis. These metastases served as sources of onward spread: more than half of the metastases sampled were seeded by other metastases. The duration that metastases existed in situ influenced their likelihood of seeding further metastases. Most metastatic migrations started and ended in the same anatomical cavity. The few subclones that exited the thorax to seed metastases disseminated widely and were enriched for somatic copy-number alterations, suggesting that chromosomal instability may&#xa0;facilitate extrathoracic spread. This spatial and temporal evolutionary analysis sheds light on the extent of metastatic diversity and seeding in advanced NSCLC—which tends to be underestimated in single metastasis biopsies—and identifies genomic and clinical mediators of metastatic progression.</p>

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Evolutionary characterization of lung cancer metastasis

  • Sonya Hessey,
  • Abigail Bunkum,
  • Ariana Huebner,
  • Kerstin Haase,
  • Kristiana Grigoriadis,
  • Cristina Naceur-Lombardelli,
  • Wing Kin Liu,
  • Caitlin F. Harrigan,
  • Charlotte Grieco,
  • Daniele Marinelli,
  • Boyue Ding,
  • Carlos Martínez-Ruiz,
  • Piotr Pawlik,
  • Mark S. Hill,
  • Olivia Lucas,
  • Corentin Richard,
  • Oriol Pich,
  • Kerstin Thol,
  • Takahiro Karasaki,
  • Sophia Ward,
  • Foteini Athanasopoulou,
  • Monica Sivakumar,
  • Selvaraju Veeriah,
  • Antonia Toncheva,
  • Andrew J. Rowan,
  • Paulina Prymas,
  • Hayley Bridger,
  • Miriam Mitchison,
  • Elaine Borg,
  • Mary Falzon,
  • Ian Proctor,
  • Ula Mahadeva,
  • Anna Green,
  • Martin D. Forster,
  • Sarah Benafif,
  • Tanya Ahmad,
  • Siow Ming Lee,
  • Dionysis Papadatos-Pastos,
  • Babu Naidu,
  • Gerald Langman,
  • Matthew G. Krebs,
  • Pedro Oliveira,
  • Fiona H. Blackhall,
  • Yvonne Summers,
  • Jamie Weaver,
  • John Le Quesne,
  • Anne Thomas,
  • Cathy Richards,
  • Dean A. Fennell,
  • Sanjay Jogai,
  • Judith Cave,
  • Patricia Roxburgh,
  • Sioban Fraser,
  • Alan Kirk,
  • Kevin G. Blyth,
  • Peter Russell,
  • Crispin T. Hiley,
  • Allan Hackshaw,
  • John Le Quesne,
  • Jason F. Lester,
  • Amrita Bajaj,
  • Apostolos Nakas,
  • Azmina Sodha-Ramdeen,
  • Claire Wilson,
  • Molly Scotland,
  • Rebecca Boyles,
  • Sean Dulloo,
  • Sridhar Rathinam,
  • Gurdeep Matharu,
  • Jacqui A. Shaw,
  • Ekaterini Boleti,
  • Heather Cheyne,
  • Gillian Price,
  • Keith M. Kerr,
  • Mohammed Khalil,
  • Shirley Richardson,
  • Tracey Cruickshank,
  • Jack French,
  • Kayleigh Gilbert,
  • Akshay J. Patel,
  • Aya Osman,
  • Gary Middleton,
  • Helen Shackleford,
  • Madava Djearaman,
  • Mandeesh Sangha,
  • Angela Leek,
  • Adam Atkin,
  • Anshuman Chaturvedi,
  • Antonio Paiva-Correia,
  • Colin R. Lindsay,
  • Eustace Fontaine,
  • Felice Granato,
  • Jack Davies Hodgkinson,
  • Juliette Novasio,
  • Katherine D. Brown,
  • Kandadai Rammohan,
  • Leena Joseph,
  • Mathew Carter,
  • Nicola Totton,
  • Paul Bishop,
  • Philip A. J. Crosbie,
  • Sara Waplington,
  • Jonathan Tugwood,
  • Caroline Dive,
  • Hugo JWL Aerts,
  • Gareth A. Wilson,
  • Aino-Maija Leppä,
  • Alexander A. Azizi,
  • Lydia Y. Liu,
  • Jonas Demeulemeester,
  • Miklos Diossy,
  • Nicolai J. Birkbak,
  • Peter Van Loo,
  • Rachel Rosenthal,
  • Roberto Salgado,
  • Roland F. Schwarz,
  • Tom L. Kaufmann,
  • Zoltan Szallasi,
  • Alexander M. Frankell,
  • Angela Dwornik,
  • Angeliki Karamani,
  • Karen Grimes,
  • Benny Chain,
  • Carla Castignani,
  • Chris Bailey,
  • Cian Murphy,
  • Clare E. Weeden,
  • Clare Puttick,
  • David R. Pearce,
  • Despoina Karagianni,
  • Dimitria Brempou,
  • Emilia L. Lim,
  • Emma C. Colliver,
  • Emma Hazelwood,
  • Emma Nye,
  • Erik Sahai,
  • Eva Grönroos,
  • Francisco Gimeno-Valiente,
  • Gemma Foulds,
  • George Kassiotis,
  • Georgia Moth,
  • Georgia Stavrou,
  • Helen L. Lowe,
  • Ieva Usaite,
  • Iva Mladenova,
  • Jacki Goldman,
  • James L. Reading,
  • James R. M. Black,
  • Jayant K. Rane,
  • Jeanette Kittel,
  • John A. Hartley,
  • Jorge Martin Arana,
  • Karl S. Peggs,
  • Katey S. S. Enfield,
  • Katherine Honan,
  • Kayalvizhi Selvaraju,
  • Kexin Koh,
  • Krupa Thakkar,
  • Leah Ensell,
  • Lucrezia Patruno,
  • Maise Al Bakir,
  • Mansi Shah,
  • Maria Litovchenko,
  • Maria Zagorulya,
  • Michalina Magala,
  • Michelle M. Leung,
  • Mickael Escudero,
  • Mihaela Angelova,
  • Nnennaya Kanu,
  • Oliver Shutkever,
  • Philip Hobson,
  • Richard Kevin Stone,
  • Rija Zaidi,
  • Robert Bentham,
  • Robert Goldstone,
  • Roberto Vendramin,
  • Sadegh Saghafinia,
  • Samuel Gamble,
  • Seng Kuong Anakin Ung,
  • Sergio A. Quezada,
  • Sharon Vanloo,
  • Sian Harries,
  • Stefan Boeing,
  • Stephan Beck,
  • Supreet Kaur Bola,
  • Teresa Marafioti,
  • Theepan Visakan,
  • Thomas B. K. Watkins,
  • Thomas Patrick Jones,
  • Victoria Spanswick,
  • Vittorio Barbè,
  • Wei-Ting Lu,
  • William Hill,
  • Woody Z. Zhang,
  • Yin Wu,
  • Yutaka Naito,
  • Zoe Ramsden,
  • Catarina Veiga,
  • Charles-Antoine Collins-Fekete,
  • Francesco Fraioli,
  • Gary Royle,
  • Paul Ashford,
  • Alexander James Procter,
  • Arjun Nair,
  • Asia Ahmed,
  • David Lawrence,
  • Davide Patrini,
  • Emilie Martinoni Hoogenboom,
  • Fleur Monk,
  • James W. Holding,
  • Junaid Choudhary,
  • Kunal Bhakhri,
  • Magali N. Taylor,
  • Maria Chiara Pisciella,
  • Neal Navani,
  • Pat Gorman,
  • Reena Khiroya,
  • Ricky M. Thakrar,
  • Robert CM Stephens,
  • Sam M. Janes,
  • Steve Bandula,
  • Zoltan Kaplar,
  • Aoife Walker,
  • Camilla Pilotti,
  • Rachel Leslie,
  • Salomey Kellett,
  • Anca Grapa,
  • Hanyun Zhang,
  • Khalid AbdulJabbar,
  • Xiaoxi Pan,
  • Yinyin Yuan,
  • David Chuter,
  • Mairead MacKenzie,
  • Aiman Alzetani,
  • Patricia Georg,
  • Serena Chee,
  • Eric Lim,
  • Alexandra Rice,
  • Anand Devaraj,
  • Andrew G. Nicholson,
  • Chiara Proli,
  • Daniel Kaniu,
  • Harshil Bhayani,
  • Hema Chavan,
  • Hilgardt Raubenheimer,
  • Lyn Ambrose,
  • Mpho Malima,
  • Nadia Fernandes,
  • Paulo De Sousa,
  • Pratibha Shah,
  • Sarah Booth,
  • Silviu I. Buderi,
  • Simon Jordan,
  • Sofina Begum,
  • Madeleine Hewish,
  • Sarah Danson,
  • Michael J. Shackcloth,
  • Lily Robinson,
  • Andrew Kidd,
  • Craig Dick,
  • Jennifer Whiteley,
  • Mathew Thomas,
  • Mohammed Asif,
  • Nikos Kostoulas,
  • Rocco Bilancia,
  • Zainab Kalokoh,
  • Elizabeth Keene,
  • Theepan Vikasan,
  • Karen Ambrose,
  • Mike Gavrielides,
  • Nitzan Rosenfeld,
  • Amrit Roshan,
  • Cecilie Agergaard Soerensen,
  • Ben Solomon,
  • Lavinia Tan,
  • Ana Parreira,
  • Corinne Faivre-Finn,
  • Fabio Gomes,
  • Igor Gomez-Randulfe,
  • Jack Webster,
  • Laura Cove-Smith,
  • Pamela Maroa,
  • Paul Taylor,
  • Raffaele Califano,
  • Sara Tenconi,
  • Adam Peryt,
  • Aman Coonar,
  • Amanda Stone,
  • Caroline Sanganee,
  • Martin Goddard,
  • Stephen Preston,
  • Giuseppe Aresu,
  • Jane Lichfield,
  • Julia Knight,
  • Lauren DSA,
  • Maria Manuela Urda,
  • Maria Nizami,
  • Robert Rintoul,
  • Zoe Armstrong,
  • Abiya Mathew,
  • Damalie Namwanja,
  • Nicky Thomson,
  • Philip Earwaker,
  • Kai-Keen Shiu,
  • John Bridgewater,
  • Daniel Hochhauser,
  • Tariq Enver,
  • Ron Sinclair,
  • Zoe Rhodes,
  • Mark Linch,
  • Sebastian Brandner,
  • Heather Shaw,
  • Gerhardt Attard,
  • Faye Gishen,
  • Nnennaya Kanu,
  • Francisco Gimeno Valiente,
  • Adrienne Flanagan,
  • Osvaldas Vainauskas,
  • Anna Wingate,
  • Daniel Wetterskog,
  • A. M. Mahedi Hasan,
  • Stefano Lise,
  • Gianmarco Leone,
  • Anuradha Jayaram,
  • Constantine Alifrangis,
  • Ursula McGovern,
  • Kerry Bowles,
  • Athanasia Vargiamiou,
  • Christopher Aled Chamberlain,
  • Welles Robinson,
  • Iain McNeish,
  • Nataly Ojeda Mosquera,
  • Jiali Liu,
  • Felix O’Farrell,
  • Chenelle Marcel,
  • Samra Turajlic,
  • James Larkin,
  • Lisa Pickering,
  • Andrew Furness,
  • Kate Young,
  • Will Drake,
  • Kim Edmonds,
  • Nikki Hunter,
  • Mary Mangwende,
  • Lauren Grostate,
  • Lavinia Spain,
  • Scott Shepherd,
  • Haixi Yan,
  • Benjamin Shum,
  • Zayd Tippu,
  • Brian Hanley,
  • Charlotte Spencer,
  • Max Emmerich,
  • Camille Gerard,
  • Eleanor Carlyle,
  • Steve Hazell,
  • Hardeep Mudhar,
  • Christina Messiou,
  • Arash Latifoltojar,
  • Annika Fendler,
  • Fiona Byrne,
  • Husayn Pallikonda,
  • Irene Lobon,
  • Alexander Coulton,
  • Anne-Laure Cattin,
  • Daqi Deng,
  • Hugang Feng,
  • Nadia Yousaf,
  • Sanjay Popat,
  • Charlotte Milner-Watts,
  • Aida Murra,
  • Justine Korteweg,
  • Lauren Terry,
  • Jennifer Biano,
  • Kema Peat,
  • Emma Turay,
  • Peter Hill,
  • Marija Miletic,
  • Anadil Javaid,
  • Jennifer Thomas,
  • Bakir Kudic,
  • Orla McGowan,
  • Dharmista Ramesh,
  • Oznur Saka,
  • Sinem Arslan,
  • Laura Marandino,
  • Reina Ammar,
  • Gurneet Kapur,
  • Dilruba Kabir,
  • David McMahon,
  • Alexius John,
  • Foteini Kalofonou,
  • Debra Josephs,
  • Sheeba Irshad,
  • James Spicer,
  • Ruby Stewart,
  • Natasha Wright,
  • Ruxandra Mitu,
  • Deborah Enting,
  • Sarah Rudman,
  • Sharmistha Ghosh,
  • Eleni Lena Karapanagiotou,
  • Elias Pintus,
  • Andrew Tutt,
  • James D. Brenton,
  • Nicola Thompson,
  • Rebecca Fitzgerald,
  • Merche Jimenez-Linan,
  • Elena Provenzano,
  • Anna Paterson,
  • Kieren Allinson,
  • Grant D. Stewart,
  • Ultan McDermott,
  • Tim Maughan,
  • Olaf Ansorge,
  • Peter Campbell,
  • Mat Carter,
  • Charlotte Poile,
  • Kudazyi H. Kutywayo,
  • Maurice R. Dungey,
  • Jens Claus Hahne,
  • Shobhit Baijal,
  • Charlotte Ferris,
  • Hollie Bancroft,
  • Amy Kerr,
  • Joanne Webb,
  • Salma Kadiri,
  • Bernard Olisemeke,
  • Rodelaine Wilson,
  • Ian Tomlinson,
  • Luke Nolan,
  • Samantha Holden,
  • Tania Fernandes,
  • Mairead McKenzie,
  • Shivani Patel,
  • David A. Moore,
  • Simone Zaccaria,
  • Nicholas McGranahan,
  • Charles Swanton,
  • Mariam Jamal-Hanjani

摘要

Limited understanding of the biological processes that govern metastatic dissemination hinders its prevention and treatment1. Here, using 501 longitudinally collected primary and metastatic tumour samples from 24 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) enrolled in the TRACERx lung study and PEACE autopsy programme, we infer tumour evolution from diagnosis to death. With DNA-sequencing data encompassing 70% of the metastases that were radiologically detected before death and paired multi-region sampled primary tumours, we show that the genomes of metastases diverge markedly from those of their ancestral primary tumour, with additional driver alterations and genome doubling events occurring after metastatic dissemination. In 62.5% of patients, multiple primary tumour subclones disseminated, each founding a distinct metastasis. These metastases served as sources of onward spread: more than half of the metastases sampled were seeded by other metastases. The duration that metastases existed in situ influenced their likelihood of seeding further metastases. Most metastatic migrations started and ended in the same anatomical cavity. The few subclones that exited the thorax to seed metastases disseminated widely and were enriched for somatic copy-number alterations, suggesting that chromosomal instability may facilitate extrathoracic spread. This spatial and temporal evolutionary analysis sheds light on the extent of metastatic diversity and seeding in advanced NSCLC—which tends to be underestimated in single metastasis biopsies—and identifies genomic and clinical mediators of metastatic progression.