Parasitic infections modulate both immune and sensory responses, but how these systems collaborate to elicit protective behaviours remains incompletely understood. The gut epithelium contains specialized sensory cells that detect pathogens and irritants. These include cholinergic tuft cells, which sense parasites and initiate type 2 immune responses1–3, as well as serotonergic enterochromaffin (EC) cells, which detect irritants and communicate with afferent nerve fibres to transmit nociceptive signals4–6. Here we show that paracrine signalling between these cells constitutes a mechanism for neuro–immune interaction and gut–brain communication. We find that tuft cells use two distinct mechanisms of acetylcholine (ACh) release despite lacking synaptic vesicles and excitable membranes. These include acute release in response to parasite-derived metabolites, followed by constitutive ‘leak-like’ release, which occurs with type 2 inflammation. Although both mechanisms can activate muscarinic receptors on crypt-residing EC cells, only the sustained mode of ACh release elicits levels of serotonin sufficient to stimulate vagal afferent neurons that suppress food intake. This two-phase paracrine signalling mechanism explains how parasitic infection progresses from an initial asymptomatic phase to symptomatic established disease, in which type 2 immune and sensory signalling pathways within the gut–brain axis collaborate to evoke protective behaviours.
