<p>The vacuum is now understood to have a rich and complex structure, characterized by fluctuating energy fields<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef></sup> and a condensate of virtual quark–antiquark pairs. The spontaneous breaking of the approximate chiral symmetry<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR2">2</CitationRef></sup>, signalled by the nonvanishing quark condensate <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\langle q\bar{q}\rangle \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>⟨</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mo>⟩</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, is dynamically generated through topologically nontrivial gauge configurations such as instantons<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR3">3</CitationRef></sup>. The precise mechanism linking the chiral symmetry breaking to the mass generation associated with quark confinement<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR4">4</CitationRef></sup> remains a profound open question in quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—the fundamental theory of strong interaction. High-energy proton–proton collisions could liberate virtual quark–antiquark pairs from the vacuum that subsequently undergo confinement to form hadrons, whose properties could serve as probes into QCD confinement and the quark condensate. Here we report evidence of spin correlations in <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \bar{\Lambda }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> hyperon pairs inherited from spin-correlated strange quark–antiquark virtual pairs. Measurements by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory reveal a relative polarization signal of (18 ± 4)% that links the virtual spin-correlated quark pairs from the QCD vacuum to their final-state hadron counterparts. Crucially, this correlation vanishes when the hyperon pairs are widely separated in angle, consistent with the decoherence of the quantum system. Our findings provide a new experimental model for exploring the dynamics and interplay of quark confinement and entanglement.</p>

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Measuring spin correlation between quarks during QCD confinement

  • B. E. Aboona,
  • J. Adam,
  • L. Adamczyk,
  • I. Aggarwal,
  • M. M. Aggarwal,
  • Z. Ahammed,
  • A. K. Alshammri,
  • E. C. Aschenauer,
  • S. Aslam,
  • J. Atchison,
  • V. Bairathi,
  • X. Bao,
  • P. Barik,
  • K. Barish,
  • S. Behera,
  • R. Bellwied,
  • P. Bhagat,
  • A. Bhasin,
  • S. Bhatta,
  • S. R. Bhosale,
  • J. Bielcik,
  • J. Bielcikova,
  • J. D. Brandenburg,
  • C. Broodo,
  • X. Z. Cai,
  • H. Caines,
  • M. Calderó,
  • D. Cebra,
  • J. Ceska,
  • I. Chakaberia,
  • P. Chaloupka,
  • Y. S. Chang,
  • Z. Chang,
  • A. Chatterjee,
  • D. Chen,
  • J. H. Chen,
  • Q. Chen,
  • W. Chen,
  • Z. Chen,
  • J. Cheng,
  • Y. Cheng,
  • W. Christie,
  • X. Chu,
  • S. Corey,
  • H. J. Crawford,
  • M. Csanád,
  • G. Dale-Gau,
  • A. Das,
  • D. De Souza Lemos,
  • I. M. Deppner,
  • A. Deshpande,
  • A. Dhamija,
  • A. Dimri,
  • P. Dixit,
  • X. Dong,
  • J. L. Drachenberg,
  • E. Duckworth,
  • J. C. Dunlop,
  • Y. S. El-Feky,
  • J. Engelage,
  • G. Eppley,
  • S. Esumi,
  • O. Evdokimov,
  • O. Eyser,
  • B. Fan,
  • R. Fatemi,
  • S. Fazio,
  • H. Feng,
  • Y. Feng,
  • E. Finch,
  • Y. Fisyak,
  • F. A. Flor,
  • C. Fu,
  • T. Fu,
  • C. A. Gagliardi,
  • T. Galatyuk,
  • T. Gao,
  • Y. Gao,
  • G. Garcia,
  • F. Geurts,
  • A. Gibson,
  • A. Giri,
  • K. Gopal,
  • X. Gou,
  • D. Grosnick,
  • A. Gu,
  • J. Gu,
  • A. Gupta,
  • W. Guryn,
  • A. Hamed,
  • R. J. Hamilton,
  • J. Han,
  • X. Han,
  • S. Harabasz,
  • M. D. Harasty,
  • J. W. Harris,
  • H. Harrison-Smith,
  • L. B. Havener,
  • X. H. He,
  • Y. He,
  • N. Herrmann,
  • L. Holub,
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  • S. L. Huang,
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  • A. Jentsch,
  • Y. Ji,
  • J. Jia,
  • X. Jiang,
  • C. Jin,
  • Y. Jin,
  • N. Jindal,
  • X. Ju,
  • E. G. Judd,
  • S. Kabana,
  • D. Kalinkin,
  • J. Kang,
  • K. Kang,
  • A. R. Kanuganti,
  • D. Kapukchyan,
  • K. Kauder,
  • D. Keane,
  • M. Kesler,
  • A. Khanal,
  • Y. V. Khyzhniak,
  • D. P. Kikoła,
  • J. Kim,
  • D. Kincses,
  • I. Kisel,
  • A. Kiselev,
  • A. G. Knospe,
  • J. Kołaś,
  • B. Korodi,
  • L. K. Kosarzewski,
  • L. Kumar,
  • M. C. Labonte,
  • R. Lacey,
  • J. M. Landgraf,
  • C. Larson,
  • J. Lauret,
  • A. Lebedev,
  • J. H. Lee,
  • Y. H. Leung,
  • C. Li,
  • D. Li,
  • H-S. Li,
  • H. Li,
  • H. Li,
  • H. Li,
  • W. Li,
  • X. Li,
  • Y. Li,
  • Z. Li,
  • Z. Li,
  • X. Liang,
  • R. Licenik,
  • T. Lin,
  • Y. Lin,
  • M. A. Lisa,
  • C. Liu,
  • G. Liu,
  • H. Liu,
  • L. Liu,
  • L. Liu,
  • Z. Liu,
  • Z. Liu,
  • T. Ljubicic,
  • O. Lomicky,
  • E. M. Loyd,
  • T. Lu,
  • J. Luo,
  • X. F. Luo,
  • L. Ma,
  • R. Ma,
  • Y. G. Ma,
  • N. Magdy,
  • D. Mallick,
  • R. Manikandhan,
  • C. Markert,
  • O. Matonoha,
  • K. Mi,
  • S. Mioduszewski,
  • B. Mohanty,
  • B. Mondal,
  • M. M. Mondal,
  • I. Mooney,
  • J. Mrazkova,
  • M. I. Nagy,
  • C. J. Naim,
  • A. S. Nain,
  • J. D. Nam,
  • M. Nasim,
  • H. Nasrulloh,
  • J. M. Nelson,
  • M. Nie,
  • G. Nigmatkulov,
  • T. Niida,
  • T. Nonaka,
  • G. Odyniec,
  • A. Ogawa,
  • S. Oh,
  • K. Okubo,
  • B. S. Page,
  • S. Pal,
  • A. Pandav,
  • A. Panday,
  • A. K. Pandey,
  • T. Pani,
  • A. Paul,
  • S. Paul,
  • D. Pawlowska,
  • C. Perkins,
  • S. Ping,
  • J. Pluta,
  • B. R. Pokhrel,
  • I. D. Ponce Pinto,
  • M. Posik,
  • E. Pottebaum,
  • S. Prodhan,
  • T. L. Protzman,
  • A. Prozorov,
  • V. Prozorova,
  • N. K. Pruthi,
  • M. Przybycien,
  • J. Putschke,
  • Y. Qi,
  • Z. Qin,
  • H. Qiu,
  • C. Racz,
  • S. K. Radhakrishnan,
  • A. Rana,
  • R. L. Ray,
  • R. Reed,
  • C. W. Robertson,
  • M. Robotkova,
  • M. A. Rosales Aguilar,
  • D. Roy,
  • P. Roy Chowdhury,
  • L. Ruan,
  • A. K. Sahoo,
  • N. R. Sahoo,
  • H. Sako,
  • S. Salur,
  • S. S. Sambyal,
  • J. K. Sandhu,
  • S. Sato,
  • B. C. Schaefer,
  • N. Schmitz,
  • F-J. Seck,
  • J. Seger,
  • R. Seto,
  • P. Seyboth,
  • N. Shah,
  • P. V. Shanmuganathan,
  • T. Shao,
  • M. Sharma,
  • N. Sharma,
  • R. Sharma,
  • S. R. Sharma,
  • A. I. Sheikh,
  • D. Shen,
  • D. Y. Shen,
  • K. Shen,
  • S. Shi,
  • Y. Shi,
  • E. Shulga,
  • F. Si,
  • J. Singh,
  • S. Singha,
  • P. Sinha,
  • M. J. Skoby,
  • N. Smirnov,
  • Y. Söhngen,
  • Y. Song,
  • T. D. S. Stanislaus,
  • M. Stefaniak,
  • Y. Su,
  • M. Sumbera,
  • X. Sun,
  • Y. Sun,
  • B. Surrow,
  • M. Svoboda,
  • Z. W. Sweger,
  • A. C. Tamis,
  • A. H. Tang,
  • Z. Tang,
  • T. Tarnowsky,
  • J. H. Thomas,
  • A. R. Timmins,
  • D. Tlusty,
  • D. Torres Valladares,
  • S. Trentalange,
  • P. Tribedy,
  • S. K. Tripathy,
  • T. Truhlar,
  • B. A. Trzeciak,
  • O. D. Tsai,
  • C. Y. Tsang,
  • Z. Tu,
  • J. E. Tyler,
  • T. Ullrich,
  • D. G. Underwood,
  • G. Van Buren,
  • J. Vanek,
  • I. Vassiliev,
  • F. Videbæk,
  • S. A. Voloshin,
  • F. Wang,
  • G. Wang,
  • G. Wang,
  • J. S. Wang,
  • J. Wang,
  • K. Wang,
  • X. Wang,
  • Y. Wang,
  • Y. Wang,
  • Y. Wang,
  • Z. Wang,
  • Z. Wang,
  • Z. Y. Wang,
  • A. J. Watroba,
  • J. C. Webb,
  • P. C. Weidenkaff,
  • G. D. Westfall,
  • D. Wielanek,
  • H. Wieman,
  • G. Wilks,
  • S. W. Wissink,
  • R. Witt,
  • C. P. Wong,
  • J. Wu,
  • X. Wu,
  • X. Wu,
  • X. Wu,
  • B. Xi,
  • Y. Xiao,
  • Z. G. Xiao,
  • G. Xie,
  • W. Xie,
  • H. Xu,
  • N. Xu,
  • Q. H. Xu,
  • Y. Xu,
  • Y. Xu,
  • Y. Xu,
  • Y. Xu,
  • Z. Xu,
  • Z. Xu,
  • G. Yan,
  • Z. Yan,
  • C. Yang,
  • Q. Yang,
  • S. Yang,
  • Y. Yang,
  • Z. Ye,
  • Z. Ye,
  • L. Yi,
  • Y. Yu,
  • H. Zbroszczyk,
  • W. Zha,
  • C. Zhang,
  • D. Zhang,
  • J. Zhang,
  • L. Zhang,
  • S. Zhang,
  • W. Zhang,
  • X. Zhang,
  • Y. Zhang,
  • Y. Zhang,
  • Y. Zhang,
  • Y. Zhang,
  • Z. Zhang,
  • Z. Zhang,
  • F. Zhao,
  • J. Zhao,
  • S. Zhou,
  • Y. Zhou,
  • X. Zhu,
  • M. Zurek,
  • M. Zyzak

摘要

The vacuum is now understood to have a rich and complex structure, characterized by fluctuating energy fields1 and a condensate of virtual quark–antiquark pairs. The spontaneous breaking of the approximate chiral symmetry2, signalled by the nonvanishing quark condensate \(\langle q\bar{q}\rangle \) q q ¯ , is dynamically generated through topologically nontrivial gauge configurations such as instantons3. The precise mechanism linking the chiral symmetry breaking to the mass generation associated with quark confinement4 remains a profound open question in quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—the fundamental theory of strong interaction. High-energy proton–proton collisions could liberate virtual quark–antiquark pairs from the vacuum that subsequently undergo confinement to form hadrons, whose properties could serve as probes into QCD confinement and the quark condensate. Here we report evidence of spin correlations in \(\Lambda \bar{\Lambda }\) Λ Λ ¯ hyperon pairs inherited from spin-correlated strange quark–antiquark virtual pairs. Measurements by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory reveal a relative polarization signal of (18 ± 4)% that links the virtual spin-correlated quark pairs from the QCD vacuum to their final-state hadron counterparts. Crucially, this correlation vanishes when the hyperon pairs are widely separated in angle, consistent with the decoherence of the quantum system. Our findings provide a new experimental model for exploring the dynamics and interplay of quark confinement and entanglement.