<p>The landmark discovery that neutrinos have mass and can change type (or flavour) as they propagate—a process called neutrino oscillation<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5" CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR6">6</CitationRef></sup>—has opened up a rich array of theoretical and experimental questions being actively pursued today. Neutrino oscillation remains the most powerful experimental tool for addressing many of these questions, including whether neutrinos violate charge-parity (CP) symmetry, which has possible connections to the unexplained preponderance of matter over antimatter in the Universe<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR8 CR9 CR10" CitationID="CR7">7</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR11">11</CitationRef></sup>. Oscillation measurements also probe the mass-squared differences between the different neutrino mass states (Δ<i>m</i><sup>2</sup>), whether there are two light states and a heavier one (normal ordering) or vice versa (inverted ordering), and the structure of neutrino mass and flavour mixing<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR12">12</CitationRef></sup>. Here we carry out the first&#xa0;joint analysis of datasets from NOvA<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR13">13</CitationRef></sup> and T2K<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR14">14</CitationRef></sup>, the two currently operating long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments (hundreds of kilometres of neutrino travel distance), taking advantage of our complementary experimental designs and setting new constraints on several neutrino sector parameters. This analysis provides new precision on the <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41586_2025_9599_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Delta {m}_{32}^{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>32</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> mass difference, finding <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41586_2025_9599_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="141" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2.4{3}_{-0.03}^{+0.04}\times 1{0}^{-3}\,{{\rm{eV}}}^{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2.4</mn> <msubsup> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.03</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.04</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">eV</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in the normal ordering and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41586_2025_9599_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="155" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-2.4{8}_{-0.04}^{+0.03}\times 1{0}^{-3}\,{{\rm{eV}}}^{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.4</mn> <msubsup> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.04</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.03</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">eV</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in the inverted ordering, as well as a 3<i>σ</i> interval on <i>δ</i><sub>CP</sub> of [−1.38π, 0.30π] in the normal ordering and [−0.92π, −0.04π] in the inverted ordering. The data show no strong preference for either mass ordering, but notably, if inverted ordering were assumed true within the three-flavour mixing model, then our results would provide evidence of CP symmetry violation in the lepton sector.</p>

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Joint neutrino oscillation analysis from the T2K and NOvA experiments

  • S. Abubakar,
  • M. A. Acero,
  • B. Acharya,
  • P. Adamson,
  • N. Anfimov,
  • A. Antoshkin,
  • E. Arrieta-Diaz,
  • L. Asquith,
  • A. Aurisano,
  • D. Azevedo,
  • A. Back,
  • N. Balashov,
  • P. Baldi,
  • B. A. Bambah,
  • E. F. Bannister,
  • A. Barros,
  • A. Bat,
  • K. Bays,
  • R. Bernstein,
  • T. J. C. Bezerra,
  • V. Bhatnagar,
  • B. Bhuyan,
  • J. Bian,
  • A. C. Booth,
  • R. Bowles,
  • B. Brahma,
  • C. Bromberg,
  • N. Buchanan,
  • A. Butkevich,
  • S. Calvez,
  • J. M. Carceller,
  • T. J. Carroll,
  • E. Catano-Mur,
  • J. P. Cesar,
  • R. Chirco,
  • B. C. Choudhary,
  • A. Christensen,
  • M. F. Cicala,
  • T. E. Coan,
  • T. Contreras,
  • A. Cooleybeck,
  • D. Coveyou,
  • L. Cremonesi,
  • G. S. Davies,
  • P. F. Derwent,
  • P. Ding,
  • Z. Djurcic,
  • K. Dobbs,
  • M. Dolce,
  • D. Dueñas Tonguino,
  • E. C. Dukes,
  • A. Dye,
  • R. Ehrlich,
  • E. Ewart,
  • P. Filip,
  • M. J. Frank,
  • H. R. Gallagher,
  • A. Giri,
  • R. A. Gomes,
  • M. C. Goodman,
  • R. Group,
  • A. Habig,
  • F. Hakl,
  • J. Hartnell,
  • R. Hatcher,
  • J. M. Hays,
  • M. He,
  • K. Heller,
  • V. Hewes,
  • A. Himmel,
  • T. Horoho,
  • A. Ivanova,
  • B. Jargowsky,
  • I. Kakorin,
  • A. Kalitkina,
  • D. M. Kaplan,
  • A. Khanam,
  • B. Kirezli,
  • J. Kleykamp,
  • O. Klimov,
  • L. W. Koerner,
  • L. Kolupaeva,
  • R. Kralik,
  • A. Kumar,
  • C. D. Kuruppu,
  • V. Kus,
  • T. Lackey,
  • K. Lang,
  • P. Lasorak,
  • J. Lesmeister,
  • A. Lister,
  • J. Liu,
  • J. A. Lock,
  • M. MacMahon,
  • S. Magill,
  • W. A. Mann,
  • M. T. Manoharan,
  • M. Manrique Plata,
  • M. L. Marshak,
  • M. Martinez-Casales,
  • V. Matveev,
  • B. Mehta,
  • M. D. Messier,
  • H. Meyer,
  • T. Miao,
  • W. H. Miller,
  • S. R. Mishra,
  • R. Mohanta,
  • A. Moren,
  • A. Morozova,
  • W. Mu,
  • L. Mualem,
  • M. Muether,
  • K. Mulder,
  • D. Myers,
  • D. Naples,
  • S. Nelleri,
  • J. K. Nelson,
  • R. Nichol,
  • E. Niner,
  • A. Norman,
  • A. Norrick,
  • H. Oh,
  • A. Olshevskiy,
  • T. Olson,
  • M. Ozkaynak,
  • A. Pal,
  • J. Paley,
  • L. Panda,
  • R. B. Patterson,
  • G. Pawloski,
  • R. Petti,
  • R. K. Plunkett,
  • J. C. C. Porter,
  • L. R. Prais,
  • A. Rafique,
  • V. Raj,
  • M. Rajaoalisoa,
  • B. Ramson,
  • B. Rebel,
  • E. Robles,
  • P. Roy,
  • O. Samoylov,
  • M. C. Sanchez,
  • S. Sánchez Falero,
  • P. Shanahan,
  • P. Sharma,
  • A. Sheshukov,
  • Shivam,
  • A. Shmakov,
  • W. Shorrock,
  • S. Shukla,
  • I. Singh,
  • P. Singh,
  • V. Singh,
  • S. Singh Chhibra,
  • D. K. Singha,
  • A. Smith,
  • J. Smolik,
  • P. Snopok,
  • N. Solomey,
  • A. Sousa,
  • K. Soustruznik,
  • M. Strait,
  • L. Suter,
  • A. Sutton,
  • S. Swain,
  • C. Sweeney,
  • A. Sztuc,
  • N. Talukdar,
  • P. Tas,
  • T. Thakore,
  • J. Thomas,
  • E. Tiras,
  • M. Titus,
  • Y. Torun,
  • D. Tran,
  • J. Trokan-Tenorio,
  • J. Urheim,
  • P. Vahle,
  • Z. Vallari,
  • K. J. Vockerodt,
  • A. V. Waldron,
  • M. Wallbank,
  • T. K. Warburton,
  • C. Weber,
  • M. Wetstein,
  • D. Whittington,
  • D. A. Wickremasinghe,
  • J. Wolcott,
  • S. Wu,
  • W. Wu,
  • W. Wu,
  • Y. Xiao,
  • B. Yaeggy,
  • A. Yahaya,
  • A. Yankelevich,
  • K. Yonehara,
  • S. Zadorozhnyy,
  • J. Zalesak,
  • R. Zwaska,
  • K. Abe,
  • S. Abe,
  • H. Adhkary,
  • R. Akutsu,
  • H. Alarakia-Charles,
  • Y. I. Alj Hakim,
  • S. Alonso Monsalve,
  • L. Anthony,
  • S. Aoki,
  • K. A. Apte,
  • T. Arai,
  • T. Arihara,
  • S. Arimoto,
  • Y. Ashida,
  • E. T. Atkin,
  • N. Babu,
  • V. Baranov,
  • G. J. Barker,
  • G. Barr,
  • D. Barrow,
  • P. Bates,
  • L. Bathe-Peters,
  • M. Batkiewicz-Kwasniak,
  • N. Baudis,
  • V. Berardi,
  • L. Berns,
  • S. Bhattacharjee,
  • A. Blanchet,
  • A. Blondel,
  • P. M. M. Boistier,
  • S. Bolognesi,
  • S. Bordoni,
  • S. B. Boyd,
  • C. Bronner,
  • A. Bubak,
  • M. Buizza Avanzini,
  • J. A. Caballero,
  • F. Cadoux,
  • N. F. Calabria,
  • S. Cao,
  • S. Cap,
  • D. Carabadjac,
  • S. L. Cartwright,
  • M. P. Casado,
  • M. G. Catanesi,
  • J. Chakrani,
  • A. Chalumeau,
  • D. Cherdack,
  • A. Chvirova,
  • J. Coleman,
  • G. Collazuol,
  • F. Cormier,
  • A. A. L. Craplet,
  • A. Cudd,
  • D. D’ago,
  • C. Dalmazzone,
  • T. Daret,
  • P. Dasgupta,
  • C. Davis,
  • Yu. I. Davydov,
  • P. de Perio,
  • G. De Rosa,
  • T. Dealtry,
  • C. Densham,
  • A. Dergacheva,
  • R. Dharmapal Banerjee,
  • F. Di Lodovico,
  • G. Diaz Lopez,
  • S. Dolan,
  • D. Douqa,
  • T. A. Doyle,
  • O. Drapier,
  • K. E. Duffy,
  • J. Dumarchez,
  • P. Dunne,
  • K. Dygnarowicz,
  • A. Eguchi,
  • J. Elias,
  • S. Emery-Schrenk,
  • G. Erofeev,
  • A. Ershova,
  • G. Eurin,
  • D. Fedorova,
  • S. Fedotov,
  • M. Feltre,
  • L. Feng,
  • D. Ferlewicz,
  • A. J. Finch,
  • M. D. Fitton,
  • C. Forza,
  • M. Friend,
  • Y. Fujii,
  • Y. Fukuda,
  • Y. Furui,
  • J. García-Marcos,
  • A. C. Germer,
  • L. Giannessi,
  • C. Giganti,
  • M. Girgus,
  • V. Glagolev,
  • M. Gonin,
  • R. González Jiménez,
  • J. González Rosa,
  • E. A. G. Goodman,
  • K. Gorshanov,
  • P. Govindaraj,
  • M. Grassi,
  • M. Guigue,
  • F. Y. Guo,
  • D. R. Hadley,
  • S. Han,
  • D. A. Harris,
  • R. J. Harris,
  • T. Hasegawa,
  • C. M. Hasnip,
  • S. Hassani,
  • N. C. Hastings,
  • Y. Hayato,
  • I. Heitkamp,
  • D. Henaff,
  • Y. Hino,
  • J. Holeczek,
  • A. Holin,
  • T. Holvey,
  • N. T. Hong Van,
  • T. Honjo,
  • M. C. F. Hooft,
  • K. Hosokawa,
  • J. Hu,
  • A. K. Ichikawa,
  • K. Ieki,
  • M. Ikeda,
  • T. Ishida,
  • M. Ishitsuka,
  • A. Izmaylov,
  • N. Jachowicz,
  • S. J. Jenkins,
  • C. Jesús-Valls,
  • M. Jia,
  • J. J. Jiang,
  • J. Y. Ji,
  • T. P. Jones,
  • P. Jonsson,
  • S. Joshi,
  • C. K. Jung,
  • M. Kabirnezhad,
  • A. C. Kaboth,
  • H. Kakuno,
  • J. Kameda,
  • S. Karpova,
  • V. S. Kasturi,
  • Y. Kataoka,
  • T. Katori,
  • Y. Kawamura,
  • M. Kawaue,
  • E. Kearns,
  • M. Khabibullin,
  • A. Khotjantsev,
  • T. Kikawa,
  • S. King,
  • V. Kiseeva,
  • J. Kisiel,
  • A. Klustová,
  • L. Kneale,
  • H. Kobayashi,
  • L. Koch,
  • S. Kodama,
  • M. Kolupanova,
  • A. Konaka,
  • L. L. Kormos,
  • Y. Koshio,
  • K. Kowalik,
  • Y. Kudenko,
  • Y. Kudo,
  • A. Kumar Jha,
  • R. Kurjata,
  • V. Kurochka,
  • T. Kutter,
  • L. Labarga,
  • M. Lachat,
  • K. Lachner,
  • J. Lagoda,
  • S. M. Lakshmi,
  • M. Lamers James,
  • A. Langella,
  • D. H. Langridge,
  • J.-F. Laporte,
  • D. Last,
  • N. Latham,
  • M. Laveder,
  • L. Lavitola,
  • M. Lawe,
  • D. Leon Silverio,
  • S. Levorato,
  • S. V. Lewis,
  • B. Li,
  • C. Lin,
  • R. P. Litchfield,
  • S. L. Liu,
  • W. Li,
  • A. Longhin,
  • A. Lopez Moreno,
  • L. Ludovici,
  • X. Lu,
  • T. Lux,
  • L. N. Machado,
  • L. Magaletti,
  • K. Mahn,
  • K. K. Mahtani,
  • M. Mandal,
  • S. Manly,
  • A. D. Marino,
  • D. G. R. Martin,
  • D. A. Martinez Caicedo,
  • L. Martinez,
  • M. Martini,
  • T. Matsubara,
  • R. Matsumoto,
  • V. Matveev,
  • C. Mauger,
  • K. Mavrokoridis,
  • N. McCauley,
  • K. S. McFarland,
  • C. McGrew,
  • J. McKean,
  • A. Mefodiev,
  • G. D. Megias,
  • L. Mellet,
  • C. Metelko,
  • M. Mezzetto,
  • S. Miki,
  • V. Mikola,
  • E. W. Miller,
  • A. Minamino,
  • O. Mineev,
  • S. Mine,
  • J. Mirabito,
  • M. Miura,
  • S. Moriyama,
  • S. Moriyama,
  • P. Morrison,
  • Th. A. Mueller,
  • D. Munford,
  • A. Muñoz,
  • L. Munteanu,
  • Y. Nagai,
  • T. Nakadaira,
  • K. Nakagiri,
  • M. Nakahata,
  • Y. Nakajima,
  • K. D. Nakamura,
  • Y. Nakano,
  • S. Nakayama,
  • T. Nakaya,
  • K. Nakayoshi,
  • C. E. R. Naseby,
  • D. T. Nguyen,
  • V. Q. Nguyen,
  • K. Niewczas,
  • S. Nishimori,
  • Y. Nishimura,
  • Y. Noguchi,
  • T. Nosek,
  • F. Nova,
  • J. C. Nugent,
  • H. M. O’Keeffe,
  • L. O’Sullivan,
  • R. Okazaki,
  • W. Okinaga,
  • K. Okumura,
  • T. Okusawa,
  • N. Onda,
  • N. Ospina,
  • L. Osu,
  • Y. Oyama,
  • V. Paolone,
  • J. Pasternak,
  • D. Payne,
  • T. Peacock,
  • M. Pfaff,
  • L. Pickering,
  • B. Popov,
  • A. J. Portocarrero Yrey,
  • M. Posiadala-Zezula,
  • Y. S. Prabhu,
  • H. Prasad,
  • F. Pupilli,
  • B. Quilain,
  • P. T. Quyen,
  • E. Radicioni,
  • B. Radics,
  • M. A. Ramirez,
  • R. Ramsden,
  • P. N. Ratoff,
  • M. Reh,
  • G. Reina,
  • C. Riccio,
  • D. W. Riley,
  • E. Rondio,
  • S. Roth,
  • N. Roy,
  • A. Rubbia,
  • L. Russo,
  • A. Rychter,
  • W. Saenz,
  • K. Sakashita,
  • S. Samani,
  • F. Sánchez,
  • E. M. Sandford,
  • Y. Sato,
  • T. Schefke,
  • C. M. Schloesser,
  • K. Scholberg,
  • M. Scott,
  • Y. Seiya,
  • T. Sekiguchi,
  • H. Sekiya,
  • T. Sekiya,
  • D. Seppala,
  • D. Sgalaberna,
  • A. Shaikhiev,
  • M. Shiozawa,
  • Y. Shiraishi,
  • A. Shvartsman,
  • N. Skrobova,
  • K. Skwarczynski,
  • D. Smyczek,
  • M. Smy,
  • J. T. Sobczyk,
  • H. Sobel,
  • F. J. P. Soler,
  • A. J. Speers,
  • R. Spina,
  • A. Srivastava,
  • P. Stowell,
  • Y. Stroke,
  • I. A. Suslov,
  • A. Suzuki,
  • S. Y. Suzuki,
  • M. Tada,
  • S. Tairafune,
  • A. Takeda,
  • A. Teklu,
  • Y. Takeuchi,
  • H. K. Tanaka,
  • H. Tanigawa,
  • V. V. Tereshchenko,
  • N. Thamm,
  • C. Touramanis,
  • N. Tran,
  • T. Tsukamoto,
  • M. Tzanov,
  • Y. Uchida,
  • M. Vagins,
  • M. Varghese,
  • I. Vasilyev,
  • G. Vasseur,
  • E. Villa,
  • U. Virginet,
  • T. Vladisavljevic,
  • T. Wachala,
  • D. Wakabayashi,
  • H. T. Wallace,
  • J. G. Walsh,
  • L. Wan,
  • D. Wark,
  • M. O. Wascko,
  • A. Weber,
  • R. Wendell,
  • M. J. Wilking,
  • C. Wilkinson,
  • J. R. Wilson,
  • K. Wood,
  • C. Wret,
  • J. Xia,
  • K. Yamamoto,
  • T. Yamamoto,
  • C. Yanagisawa,
  • Y. Yang,
  • T. Yano,
  • N. Yershov,
  • U. Yevarouskaya,
  • M. Yokoyama,
  • Y. Yoshimoto,
  • N. Yoshimura,
  • R. Zaki,
  • A. Zalewska,
  • J. Zalipska,
  • G. Zarnecki,
  • J. Zhang,
  • X. Y. Zhao,
  • H. Zheng,
  • H. Zhong,
  • T. Zhu,
  • M. Ziembicki,
  • E. D. Zimmerman,
  • M. Zito,
  • S. Zsoldos

摘要

The landmark discovery that neutrinos have mass and can change type (or flavour) as they propagate—a process called neutrino oscillation16—has opened up a rich array of theoretical and experimental questions being actively pursued today. Neutrino oscillation remains the most powerful experimental tool for addressing many of these questions, including whether neutrinos violate charge-parity (CP) symmetry, which has possible connections to the unexplained preponderance of matter over antimatter in the Universe711. Oscillation measurements also probe the mass-squared differences between the different neutrino mass states (Δm2), whether there are two light states and a heavier one (normal ordering) or vice versa (inverted ordering), and the structure of neutrino mass and flavour mixing12. Here we carry out the first joint analysis of datasets from NOvA13 and T2K14, the two currently operating long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments (hundreds of kilometres of neutrino travel distance), taking advantage of our complementary experimental designs and setting new constraints on several neutrino sector parameters. This analysis provides new precision on the \(\Delta {m}_{32}^{2}\) Δ m 32 2 mass difference, finding \(2.4{3}_{-0.03}^{+0.04}\times 1{0}^{-3}\,{{\rm{eV}}}^{2}\) 2.4 3 0.03 + 0.04 × 1 0 3 eV 2 in the normal ordering and \(-2.4{8}_{-0.04}^{+0.03}\times 1{0}^{-3}\,{{\rm{eV}}}^{2}\) 2.4 8 0.04 + 0.03 × 1 0 3 eV 2 in the inverted ordering, as well as a 3σ interval on δCP of [−1.38π, 0.30π] in the normal ordering and [−0.92π, −0.04π] in the inverted ordering. The data show no strong preference for either mass ordering, but notably, if inverted ordering were assumed true within the three-flavour mixing model, then our results would provide evidence of CP symmetry violation in the lepton sector.