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<p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging as a particularly promising technology to enhance the world’s renewable energy generation capacity. As PSCs are transitioning from research to industrial-scale production, there is an important opportunity to establish sustainable manufacturing pathways. Here, we present a closed-loop framework for the development of environmentally sustainable PSCs and highlight strategies to achieve this vision. First, we analyse the sourcing of raw materials and compare two established PSC fabrication techniques, vapour-phase deposition and solution processing, evaluating their respective advantages and limitations in terms of economic feasibility and environmental impact. Second, we examine solution processing methods, focusing on solvent system design for the preparation of high-quality perovskite films and on the use of non-hazardous or less-hazardous solvents. Third, we examine potential lead-release concerns during PSC operation and discuss approaches to minimize associated environmental risks. Fourth, we summarize effective recycling methods for main PSC components to support a circular production model. Finally, we identify key challenges and outline future research directions to achieve fully sustainable, closed-loop PSC technologies.</p>

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Closed-loop manufacturing for sustainable perovskite photovoltaics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Bo Li,
  • Danpeng Gao,
  • Chunlei Zhang,
  • Zexin Yu,
  • Martin Stolterfoht,
  • Yen Hung Lin,
  • Markus Lenz,
  • Henry J. Snaith,
  • Zonglong Zhu

摘要

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging as a particularly promising technology to enhance the world’s renewable energy generation capacity. As PSCs are transitioning from research to industrial-scale production, there is an important opportunity to establish sustainable manufacturing pathways. Here, we present a closed-loop framework for the development of environmentally sustainable PSCs and highlight strategies to achieve this vision. First, we analyse the sourcing of raw materials and compare two established PSC fabrication techniques, vapour-phase deposition and solution processing, evaluating their respective advantages and limitations in terms of economic feasibility and environmental impact. Second, we examine solution processing methods, focusing on solvent system design for the preparation of high-quality perovskite films and on the use of non-hazardous or less-hazardous solvents. Third, we examine potential lead-release concerns during PSC operation and discuss approaches to minimize associated environmental risks. Fourth, we summarize effective recycling methods for main PSC components to support a circular production model. Finally, we identify key challenges and outline future research directions to achieve fully sustainable, closed-loop PSC technologies.