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<p>Josephson tunnel junctions are essential elements of superconducting quantum circuits. The standard analysis of these circuits presumes a 2π-periodic sinusoidal potential for a tunnel junction, but higher-order corrections to this Josephson potential, often referred to as harmonics, cause deviations from the expected circuit behaviour. Two potential sources of these harmonics are the intrinsic current–phase relationship of the Josephson junction and the inductance of the metallic traces connecting the junction to other circuit elements. Here we introduce a method to distinguish the origin of the observed harmonics using nearly symmetric superconducting quantum interference devices. Spectroscopic measurements of level transitions in multiple devices reveal features that cannot be explained by a standard cosine potential, but are accurately reproduced when accounting for a second-harmonic contribution to the model. The observed scaling of the second harmonic with Josephson junction size indicates that it is due almost entirely to the metallic trace inductance. These results can inform the design of next-generation superconducting circuits for quantum information processing and investigations of the supercurrent diode effect.</p>

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Higher-order harmonics in Josephson tunnel junctions due to series inductance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Junghyun Kim,
  • Max Hays,
  • Ilan T. Rosen,
  • Junyoung An,
  • Helin Zhang,
  • Aranya Goswami,
  • Kate Azar,
  • Jeffrey M. Gertler,
  • Bethany M. Niedzielski,
  • Mollie E. Schwartz,
  • Terry P. Orlando,
  • Jeffrey A. Grover,
  • Kyle Serniak,
  • William D. Oliver

摘要

Josephson tunnel junctions are essential elements of superconducting quantum circuits. The standard analysis of these circuits presumes a 2π-periodic sinusoidal potential for a tunnel junction, but higher-order corrections to this Josephson potential, often referred to as harmonics, cause deviations from the expected circuit behaviour. Two potential sources of these harmonics are the intrinsic current–phase relationship of the Josephson junction and the inductance of the metallic traces connecting the junction to other circuit elements. Here we introduce a method to distinguish the origin of the observed harmonics using nearly symmetric superconducting quantum interference devices. Spectroscopic measurements of level transitions in multiple devices reveal features that cannot be explained by a standard cosine potential, but are accurately reproduced when accounting for a second-harmonic contribution to the model. The observed scaling of the second harmonic with Josephson junction size indicates that it is due almost entirely to the metallic trace inductance. These results can inform the design of next-generation superconducting circuits for quantum information processing and investigations of the supercurrent diode effect.