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<p>Quantum networks provide a revolution for cryptographic and communication applications. Worldwide quantum key distribution (QKD) networks have been demonstrated in the field. The measurement-device-independent protocols have closed critical side channels in physical implementations and offer a trusted-node-free network structure. In particular, the twin-field (TF)-QKD can greatly extend the transmission distances with currently available technologies. Here we propose and demonstrate a photonic integrated TF-QKD network over long distances. We develop a hybrid photonic transmitter chip that integrates a self-injection locking laser featuring a high-Q silicon nitride microring resonator and a thin-film lithium niobate circuit consisting of multiple high-speed intensity and phase modulators. Furthermore, we propose a scalable quantum spine-leaf network structure, which has high capacity and flexible configuration. To prove the feasibility, we experimentally demonstrate a four-user quantum spine-leaf network based on the TF-QKD protocol and show the full connections among all users. We report the network over up to 540-km optical fibres at secret key rates higher than the repeaterless channel capacity. Furthermore, we show that our network can reliably support up to 50 users for high-quality video calls at metropolitan distances. The results show that the photonic integrated quantum spine-leaf network, benefiting from miniaturization, CMOS compatibility and long distance, paves the way for the large-scale deployment of quantum communications.</p>

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A photonic integrated long-distance quantum communication network

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Likang Zhang,
  • Jiawei Pan,
  • Teng-Yun Chen,
  • Zheng-Ping Li,
  • Yichen Lu,
  • Wei Li,
  • Wen-Xin Pan,
  • Wei Ke,
  • Yuyao Guo,
  • Wenwen Li,
  • Sheng-Kai Liao,
  • Cheng-Zhi Peng,
  • Linjie Zhou,
  • Xinlun Cai,
  • Feihu Xu,
  • Jian-Wei Pan

摘要

Quantum networks provide a revolution for cryptographic and communication applications. Worldwide quantum key distribution (QKD) networks have been demonstrated in the field. The measurement-device-independent protocols have closed critical side channels in physical implementations and offer a trusted-node-free network structure. In particular, the twin-field (TF)-QKD can greatly extend the transmission distances with currently available technologies. Here we propose and demonstrate a photonic integrated TF-QKD network over long distances. We develop a hybrid photonic transmitter chip that integrates a self-injection locking laser featuring a high-Q silicon nitride microring resonator and a thin-film lithium niobate circuit consisting of multiple high-speed intensity and phase modulators. Furthermore, we propose a scalable quantum spine-leaf network structure, which has high capacity and flexible configuration. To prove the feasibility, we experimentally demonstrate a four-user quantum spine-leaf network based on the TF-QKD protocol and show the full connections among all users. We report the network over up to 540-km optical fibres at secret key rates higher than the repeaterless channel capacity. Furthermore, we show that our network can reliably support up to 50 users for high-quality video calls at metropolitan distances. The results show that the photonic integrated quantum spine-leaf network, benefiting from miniaturization, CMOS compatibility and long distance, paves the way for the large-scale deployment of quantum communications.