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<p>Thermal evaporation is a well-established technique in thin-film manufacturing and holds great promise for the scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. However, the performance of fully thermally evaporated perovskite solar cells lags behind that of solution-processed counterparts. Here we report a reverse layer-by-layer deposition strategy to control the diffusion of solid-phase precursor, whereby the organic formamidinium iodide is deposited before the inorganic precursors (CsI/PbCl<sub>2</sub>/PbI<sub>2</sub>). Subsequent annealing leads to enhanced interfacial contact, efficient charge extraction and top-down perovskite crystallization with enhanced vertical uniformity. We fabricate fully thermally evaporated inverted perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of 25.19% (for an active area of 0.066 cm<sup>2</sup>) and 23.38% (1 cm<sup>2</sup> area). Unencapsulated devices retain 95.2% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 1,000 h of continuous operation at the maximum power point.</p>

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Fully thermally evaporated perovskite solar cells based on reverse layer-by-layer deposition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月21日

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  • Yutian Xu,
  • Kui Xu,
  • Tengfei Pan,
  • Xinwu Ke,
  • Yajing Li,
  • Na Meng,
  • Xiaorong Shi,
  • Junhao Liu,
  • Yuanhao Cui,
  • Ziqiang Wang,
  • Xue Min,
  • Yifan Lv,
  • Lingfeng Chao,
  • Zhelu Hu,
  • Qingxun Guo,
  • Yingdong Xia,
  • Yonghua Chen,
  • Wei Huang

摘要

Thermal evaporation is a well-established technique in thin-film manufacturing and holds great promise for the scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. However, the performance of fully thermally evaporated perovskite solar cells lags behind that of solution-processed counterparts. Here we report a reverse layer-by-layer deposition strategy to control the diffusion of solid-phase precursor, whereby the organic formamidinium iodide is deposited before the inorganic precursors (CsI/PbCl2/PbI2). Subsequent annealing leads to enhanced interfacial contact, efficient charge extraction and top-down perovskite crystallization with enhanced vertical uniformity. We fabricate fully thermally evaporated inverted perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of 25.19% (for an active area of 0.066 cm2) and 23.38% (1 cm2 area). Unencapsulated devices retain 95.2% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 1,000 h of continuous operation at the maximum power point.