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<p>Information units are progressively approaching the fundamental physical limits of integration density, including in terms of extremely small sizes, multistates and probabilistic traversal. However, simultaneously encompassing all of these characteristics in a unit remains elusive. Here, via real-time in situ electrical monitoring, we clearly observed stochastic alterations of multiple conductance states in Sc<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>@C<sub>88</sub>. The true random bit sequence generated exhibited an autocorrelation function whose confidence interval fell within ±0.02, demonstrating high-quality randomness. The alterations of multiple conductance states are controllable, that is, whose probability distributions could traverse from 0 to 1, enabling us to factorize 551 into its prime factors. Furthermore, we proposed a matrix-chain multiplication scheme and experimentally verified the multiplication of two 4 × 4 state-transition matrices with a small maximum error of &lt;0.05. Combined with theoretical calculations, the stochastic but controllable multistates are probably attributed to the rich energy landscape, which could be stepwise changed by the electric field. Our findings reveal extremely small multilevel probabilistic bit for matrix multiplication, which pave the way for ultra-compact intelligent electronic devices.</p>

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A Sc2C2@C88-cluster-based ultra-compact multilevel probabilistic bit for matrix multiplication

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Haoran Qi,
  • Guohao Xi,
  • Yuan-Biao Zhou,
  • Xinrong Liu,
  • Yifu Mao,
  • Jian Yang,
  • Jun Chen,
  • Kuojuei Hu,
  • Weiwei Gao,
  • Shuai Zhang,
  • Xiaoqin Gao,
  • Jianguo Wan,
  • Da-Wei Zhou,
  • Junhong An,
  • Xuefeng Wang,
  • De-Chuan Zhan,
  • Minhao Zhang,
  • Cong Wang,
  • Wei Ji,
  • Yuan-Zhi Tan,
  • Su-Yuan Xie,
  • Fengqi Song

摘要

Information units are progressively approaching the fundamental physical limits of integration density, including in terms of extremely small sizes, multistates and probabilistic traversal. However, simultaneously encompassing all of these characteristics in a unit remains elusive. Here, via real-time in situ electrical monitoring, we clearly observed stochastic alterations of multiple conductance states in Sc2C2@C88. The true random bit sequence generated exhibited an autocorrelation function whose confidence interval fell within ±0.02, demonstrating high-quality randomness. The alterations of multiple conductance states are controllable, that is, whose probability distributions could traverse from 0 to 1, enabling us to factorize 551 into its prime factors. Furthermore, we proposed a matrix-chain multiplication scheme and experimentally verified the multiplication of two 4 × 4 state-transition matrices with a small maximum error of <0.05. Combined with theoretical calculations, the stochastic but controllable multistates are probably attributed to the rich energy landscape, which could be stepwise changed by the electric field. Our findings reveal extremely small multilevel probabilistic bit for matrix multiplication, which pave the way for ultra-compact intelligent electronic devices.