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<p>Vacuum-based deposition is a scalable, solvent-free industrial method ideal for uniform coatings on complex substrates. However, all-vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells fabricated by thermal evaporation trail solution-processed counterparts in efficiency and stability due to film quality challenges, necessitating advancement and improved understanding. Here, we report a co-evaporation route for 1.67-eV wide-bandgap perovskites by introducing a PbCl<sub>2</sub> co-source to optimize film quality. We promote perovskite formation with pronounced (100) ‘face-up’ orientation and deliver a certified all-vacuum-deposited solar cell with 18.35% efficiency (19.3% in the laboratory) for 0.25-cm<sup>2</sup> devices (18.5% for 1-cm<sup>2</sup> cells). These cells retain 80% of peak efficiency after 1,080 h under the ISOS-L-2 protocol. Leveraging operando hyperspectral imaging, we provide spatiotemporal spectral insight into halide segregation and trap-mediated recombination, correlating microscopic luminescence features with macroscopic device performance while distinguishing radiative from non-ideal recombination channels. We further demonstrate 27.2%-efficient 1-cm<sup>2</sup> evaporated perovskite-on-silicon tandem cells and outdoor stability of all-vacuum-deposited tandems in Italy, retaining ~80% initial performance after eight months.</p>

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Crystal-facet-directed all-vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Xinyi Shen,
  • Wing Tung Hui,
  • Shuaifeng Hu,
  • Fengning Yang,
  • Junke Wang,
  • Jin Yao,
  • Atse Louwen,
  • Bryan Siu Ting Tam,
  • Lirong Rong,
  • David P. McMeekin,
  • Kilian Lohmann,
  • Qimu Yuan,
  • Matthew C. Naylor,
  • Manuel Kober-Czerny,
  • Seongrok Seo,
  • Philippe Holzhey,
  • Karl-Augustin Zaininger,
  • M. Greyson Christoforo,
  • Perrine Carroy,
  • Vincent Barth,
  • Fion Sze Yan Yeung,
  • Nakita K. Noel,
  • Michael Johnston,
  • Yen-Hung Lin,
  • Henry J. Snaith

摘要

Vacuum-based deposition is a scalable, solvent-free industrial method ideal for uniform coatings on complex substrates. However, all-vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells fabricated by thermal evaporation trail solution-processed counterparts in efficiency and stability due to film quality challenges, necessitating advancement and improved understanding. Here, we report a co-evaporation route for 1.67-eV wide-bandgap perovskites by introducing a PbCl2 co-source to optimize film quality. We promote perovskite formation with pronounced (100) ‘face-up’ orientation and deliver a certified all-vacuum-deposited solar cell with 18.35% efficiency (19.3% in the laboratory) for 0.25-cm2 devices (18.5% for 1-cm2 cells). These cells retain 80% of peak efficiency after 1,080 h under the ISOS-L-2 protocol. Leveraging operando hyperspectral imaging, we provide spatiotemporal spectral insight into halide segregation and trap-mediated recombination, correlating microscopic luminescence features with macroscopic device performance while distinguishing radiative from non-ideal recombination channels. We further demonstrate 27.2%-efficient 1-cm2 evaporated perovskite-on-silicon tandem cells and outdoor stability of all-vacuum-deposited tandems in Italy, retaining ~80% initial performance after eight months.