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<p>The envisaged breakthrough of perovskite photovoltaic technologies demands rapid advances in scalable and robust high-throughput fabrication methods. Here we present close-space sublimation (CSS) as a vacuum-based, industrially relevant deposition method for the conversion of sublimed PbI<sub>2</sub> inorganic scaffolds into high-quality wide-bandgap perovskite absorbers (MAPb(I<sub>0.79</sub>Br<sub>0.21</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, 1.64 eV), employing a reusable mixed-halide organic source for stable bandgap control. We provide mechanistic insights into the substitution-reaction-limited CSS process and achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 18.5% for fully vacuum-processed p–i–n single-junction devices. Monolithic integration in tandem solar cells onto planar, nano- and micro-textured silicon bottom cells reveals consistent optoelectronic and morphological properties across all configurations without requiring adjustments of deposition parameters, as corroborated by comprehensive characterization techniques. The resulting perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells reach PCEs up to 24.3%, with minimal variation across the different bottom cells. Our findings highlight the broad process window and versatility of CSS, positioning it as an industry-suitable deposition method for solvent-free high-throughput fabrication.</p>

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Close-space sublimation as a versatile deposition process for efficient perovskite silicon tandem solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Alexander Diercks,
  • Sofía Chozas-Barrientos,
  • Lidón Gil-Escrig,
  • Federico Ventosinos,
  • Inma Gomar-Fernández,
  • Cristina Roldán-Carmona,
  • Nathan Rodkey,
  • Tonghan Zhao,
  • Julian Petermann,
  • Maximiliano Senno,
  • Vladimir Held,
  • Perrine Carroy,
  • Delfina Muñoz,
  • Paul Fassl,
  • Michele Sessolo,
  • Ulrich W. Paetzold,
  • Henk J. Bolink

摘要

The envisaged breakthrough of perovskite photovoltaic technologies demands rapid advances in scalable and robust high-throughput fabrication methods. Here we present close-space sublimation (CSS) as a vacuum-based, industrially relevant deposition method for the conversion of sublimed PbI2 inorganic scaffolds into high-quality wide-bandgap perovskite absorbers (MAPb(I0.79Br0.21)3, 1.64 eV), employing a reusable mixed-halide organic source for stable bandgap control. We provide mechanistic insights into the substitution-reaction-limited CSS process and achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 18.5% for fully vacuum-processed p–i–n single-junction devices. Monolithic integration in tandem solar cells onto planar, nano- and micro-textured silicon bottom cells reveals consistent optoelectronic and morphological properties across all configurations without requiring adjustments of deposition parameters, as corroborated by comprehensive characterization techniques. The resulting perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells reach PCEs up to 24.3%, with minimal variation across the different bottom cells. Our findings highlight the broad process window and versatility of CSS, positioning it as an industry-suitable deposition method for solvent-free high-throughput fabrication.