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<p>Perovskite solar modules, particularly those using ultrathin self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based hole transport layers, suffer from reverse-bias instability. Here we identified that discontinuous SAM distribution causes shunting and a lower breakdown voltage, while indium tin oxide-triggered electrochemical deprotonation of formamidinium ions leads to reduced long-term stability under reverse-bias conditions. To address these issues, we developed a molecular-templated pre-assembly strategy driven by hydrogen-bonding interactions between the SAM and a polycarbazole template. This approach ensures homogeneous clusters in solution and strong substrate interactions, yielding dense and uniform layers. Subsequently, we prepared minimodules with 24.0% efficiency (certified steady-state efficiency of 23.2%) and improved reverse-bias stability. Small-area devices retained 95% efficiency after 300 h at −4.8 V, while minimodules exhibited a <i>T</i><sub>98</sub> lifetime of 312 h under negative open-circuit voltage stress. We showed that a single bypass diode can protect at least 16 subcells, setting a new reliability benchmark for scalable perovskite photovoltaics.</p>

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Molecular-templated pre-assembly of self-assembled monolayer for perovskite solar cells and modules with improved reverse-bias stability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Xi Wang,
  • Ran Luo,
  • Nengxu Li,
  • Jia Li,
  • Tao Wang,
  • Julian A. Steele,
  • Eduardo Solano,
  • Zihao Zhu,
  • Xinxing Yin,
  • Jinxi Chen,
  • Sreedhar Unnikrishnakurup,
  • Andrew Ngo,
  • Yuduan Wang,
  • Jingcong Hu,
  • Zhenrong Jia,
  • Zijing Dong,
  • Zhuojie Shi,
  • Xinyi Du,
  • Xiuxiu Niu,
  • Yi Hou

摘要

Perovskite solar modules, particularly those using ultrathin self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based hole transport layers, suffer from reverse-bias instability. Here we identified that discontinuous SAM distribution causes shunting and a lower breakdown voltage, while indium tin oxide-triggered electrochemical deprotonation of formamidinium ions leads to reduced long-term stability under reverse-bias conditions. To address these issues, we developed a molecular-templated pre-assembly strategy driven by hydrogen-bonding interactions between the SAM and a polycarbazole template. This approach ensures homogeneous clusters in solution and strong substrate interactions, yielding dense and uniform layers. Subsequently, we prepared minimodules with 24.0% efficiency (certified steady-state efficiency of 23.2%) and improved reverse-bias stability. Small-area devices retained 95% efficiency after 300 h at −4.8 V, while minimodules exhibited a T98 lifetime of 312 h under negative open-circuit voltage stress. We showed that a single bypass diode can protect at least 16 subcells, setting a new reliability benchmark for scalable perovskite photovoltaics.