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<p>The sea–land breeze (SLB), driven by thermal contrasts between sea and land, forms a key circulation system in coastal cities which mitigates urban heat islands, improves air quality and supports urban liveability. Yet its response to rising sea-surface temperatures (SST) under global warming remains unclear. Here we simulate SLB evolution across 18 major coastal megacities under varying SST. The results show that historical SST increases have reduced SLB days by 3–45% in 67% of these cities, with mid-latitude cities experiencing the largest declines (29–45%) as a result of a more than 5% reduction in diurnal sea–land thermal contrast. A further 0.52 °C (~2%) SST increase relative to historical levels induces a 4.5-fold reduction in SLB days in high-impact regions and heightened sensitivity in moderate-impact regions under high-emission scenarios. This erosion of SLB days, primarily driven by ocean warming, poses a critical yet overlooked threat to coastal liveability.</p>

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Ocean warming weakens the sea–land breeze in coastal megacities

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Yunting Xiao,
  • Yaxin Liu,
  • Yu Nie,
  • Yongjie Fang,
  • Hao Liu,
  • Yan Dou,
  • Jianbo Yang,
  • Cong-Qiang Liu,
  • Pingqing Fu,
  • Jialei Zhu

摘要

The sea–land breeze (SLB), driven by thermal contrasts between sea and land, forms a key circulation system in coastal cities which mitigates urban heat islands, improves air quality and supports urban liveability. Yet its response to rising sea-surface temperatures (SST) under global warming remains unclear. Here we simulate SLB evolution across 18 major coastal megacities under varying SST. The results show that historical SST increases have reduced SLB days by 3–45% in 67% of these cities, with mid-latitude cities experiencing the largest declines (29–45%) as a result of a more than 5% reduction in diurnal sea–land thermal contrast. A further 0.52 °C (~2%) SST increase relative to historical levels induces a 4.5-fold reduction in SLB days in high-impact regions and heightened sensitivity in moderate-impact regions under high-emission scenarios. This erosion of SLB days, primarily driven by ocean warming, poses a critical yet overlooked threat to coastal liveability.