<p>Azoles are important synthetic targets due to their diverse applications in areas ranging from human health to food security. Accordingly, access to <i>N</i>-functionalized azoles is an essential goal in modern synthetic chemistry. Surprisingly, however, the relied-upon azole <i>N</i>-alkylation strategies fundamentally limit the structural diversity of these important compounds that can be synthesized and studied. Here we introduce an approach to prepare a broad array of important but difficult-to-access <i>N</i>-alkyl azole compounds. We accomplish this through the introduction of a base-catalysed hydroazolation of readily accessible alkenylthianthrenium electrophiles. This strategy circumvents the classical challenge of azole alkylation regiocontrol through an unusual reversible C–N-bond-forming step that exploits the thermodynamic differences between azole <i>N</i>-alkylation isomers. This reaction furnishes a class of versatile azolothianthrenium building blocks that provides a general platform to investigate diverse <i>N</i>-alkyl azole molecules. More broadly, the distinctive approach outlined through this project is poised to impact the design and development of diverse regioselective alkylation reactions.</p><p></p>

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Unlocking azole chemical space via modular and regioselective N-alkylation

  • Céline Dorval,
  • Adrian D. Matthews,
  • Karina Targos,
  • Sara N. Alektiar,
  • Dylan E. Holst,
  • Zhifeng Tan,
  • Mikko Muuronen,
  • Justin B. Diccianni,
  • José Enrique Gómez,
  • Kyana M. Sanders,
  • Ilia A. Guzei,
  • Zachary K. Wickens

摘要

Azoles are important synthetic targets due to their diverse applications in areas ranging from human health to food security. Accordingly, access to N-functionalized azoles is an essential goal in modern synthetic chemistry. Surprisingly, however, the relied-upon azole N-alkylation strategies fundamentally limit the structural diversity of these important compounds that can be synthesized and studied. Here we introduce an approach to prepare a broad array of important but difficult-to-access N-alkyl azole compounds. We accomplish this through the introduction of a base-catalysed hydroazolation of readily accessible alkenylthianthrenium electrophiles. This strategy circumvents the classical challenge of azole alkylation regiocontrol through an unusual reversible C–N-bond-forming step that exploits the thermodynamic differences between azole N-alkylation isomers. This reaction furnishes a class of versatile azolothianthrenium building blocks that provides a general platform to investigate diverse N-alkyl azole molecules. More broadly, the distinctive approach outlined through this project is poised to impact the design and development of diverse regioselective alkylation reactions.