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<p>In the contemporary Universe, most galaxies are supported by ordered rotation, but a substantial subset of the most massive and quiescent systems are dominated by random stellar motions and classified as slow rotators. These galaxies are widely thought to arise through processes that remove angular momentum and erase disk-like structures, but when and how this transformation occurs remains uncertain. Slow rotators are expected to be rare at early cosmic times, and observational studies of massive galaxies at high redshift have so far revealed only rapidly rotating systems. Here we report James Webb Space Telescope near-infrared integral-field spectroscopy of XMM-VID1-2075, a massive quiescent galaxy at <i>z</i> = 3.449. The galaxy displays disturbed low-surface-brightness features and a low stellar spin parameter, <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\lambda }_{{R}_{{\rm{e}}}}=0.12{3}_{-0.023}^{+0.073}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.12</mn> <msubsup> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.023</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.073</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, consistent with dispersion-dominated kinematics. These results demonstrate that the formation of slow-rotating massive galaxies was already underway when the Universe was less than 2 Gyr old.</p>

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A massive and evolved slow-rotating galaxy in the early Universe

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Ben Forrest,
  • Adam Muzzin,
  • Danilo Marchesini,
  • Richard Pan,
  • Nehir Ozden,
  • Jacqueline Antwi-Danso,
  • Wenjun Chang,
  • M. C. Cooper,
  • Adit H. Edward,
  • Percy Gomez,
  • Lucas Kimmig,
  • Brian C. Lemaux,
  • Ian McConachie,
  • Allison Noble,
  • Rhea-Silvia Remus,
  • Stephanie M. Urbano Stawinski,
  • Gillian Wilson,
  • M. E. Wisz

摘要

In the contemporary Universe, most galaxies are supported by ordered rotation, but a substantial subset of the most massive and quiescent systems are dominated by random stellar motions and classified as slow rotators. These galaxies are widely thought to arise through processes that remove angular momentum and erase disk-like structures, but when and how this transformation occurs remains uncertain. Slow rotators are expected to be rare at early cosmic times, and observational studies of massive galaxies at high redshift have so far revealed only rapidly rotating systems. Here we report James Webb Space Telescope near-infrared integral-field spectroscopy of XMM-VID1-2075, a massive quiescent galaxy at z = 3.449. The galaxy displays disturbed low-surface-brightness features and a low stellar spin parameter, \({\lambda }_{{R}_{{\rm{e}}}}=0.12{3}_{-0.023}^{+0.073}\) λ R e = 0.12 3 − 0.023 + 0.073 , consistent with dispersion-dominated kinematics. These results demonstrate that the formation of slow-rotating massive galaxies was already underway when the Universe was less than 2 Gyr old.