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<p>Tissue-resident memory T (T<sub>RM</sub>) cells in the skin play a critical role in early immune defense against pathogens entering via breaches such as arthropod bites. However, their specific induction through immunization strategies remains underexplored. We performed a scoping review following PRISMA guidelines to assess vaccination strategies capable of inducing skin T<sub>RM</sub> cells. Intradermal and skin scarification routes consistently induced skin T<sub>RM</sub> cells with 94–100% success rates, while viral vector, DNA-based, and live-attenuated vaccines were the most effective platforms, particularly when combined with adjuvants promoting local inflammation. CD69 and CD103 were the most frequently employed markers, despite significant methodological heterogeneity. Vaccine-induced T<sub>RM</sub> cells were shown to disseminate throughout the skin and confer durable protection, independent of circulating T cells. However, evidence is largely restricted to preclinical studies, underscoring the need for standardization of T<sub>RM</sub> cell identification and expanded human studies to translate these findings into clinical practice.</p>

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A scoping review on the importance of vaccination strategies targeting skin imprinting for arthropod-borne diseases

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Janne Wouters,
  • Aliana Saenz de la Torre Leal,
  • Wim Adriaensen

摘要

Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells in the skin play a critical role in early immune defense against pathogens entering via breaches such as arthropod bites. However, their specific induction through immunization strategies remains underexplored. We performed a scoping review following PRISMA guidelines to assess vaccination strategies capable of inducing skin TRM cells. Intradermal and skin scarification routes consistently induced skin TRM cells with 94–100% success rates, while viral vector, DNA-based, and live-attenuated vaccines were the most effective platforms, particularly when combined with adjuvants promoting local inflammation. CD69 and CD103 were the most frequently employed markers, despite significant methodological heterogeneity. Vaccine-induced TRM cells were shown to disseminate throughout the skin and confer durable protection, independent of circulating T cells. However, evidence is largely restricted to preclinical studies, underscoring the need for standardization of TRM cell identification and expanded human studies to translate these findings into clinical practice.