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<p>Kappa-carrageenan is a hydrocolloid from red algae and has bioactive properties for food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical uses. The present study comprises efficient extraction of κ-carrageenan from <i>Kappaphycus alvarezii</i> with a yield of 52.3 ± 2.1% (dry weight) using a mild alkaline method (CA) with superior viscosity (0.285 ± 0.018 Pa·s) compared to commercial carrageenan (CC) (0.198 ± 0.012 Pa·s) with gel strength (85 ± 16.4 g/cm²). Sulfate analysis revealed lower content in the extracted sample (11.02 ± 0.90 mg/g, 3.0 wt% S) than the commercial carrageenan (14.87 ± 0.70 mg/g; 4.5 wt% S). Whereas higher total phenolic content (25.79 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g) was observed in the extracted carrageenan. Structural characterization confirmed slightly higher crystallite size in the extracted carrageenan (~57.3 nm), which improved molecular ordering. Morphological and particle size analyses showed larger but more uniform particles in CA (154.25 ± 26.6 μm) from SEM analysis, dynamic light scattering size (687.6 nm), and greater colloidal stability (−32.9 mV). Antibacterial evaluation demonstrated strain-specific bactericidal activity against <i>S. marcescens</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with protein leakage and SEM-based membrane damage. Molecular docking further revealed binding of κ-carrageenan to the HasA heme-binding protein (−6.9 kcal/mol), suggesting a putative secondary mechanism involving computationally predicted interference of bacterial iron acquisition, which needs experimental validation</p>

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Extraction, characterization, and antimicrobial potential of Kappa-Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii with HasA-targeted molecular docking validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Jerin James,
  • Ameer Abbas Mohammed,
  • Amar Yasser Jassim,
  • Joseph S. Gboyo,
  • Ashiya Naaz,
  • Harish Chandra Joshi,
  • Arun Karnwal,
  • Nishesh Sharma

摘要

Kappa-carrageenan is a hydrocolloid from red algae and has bioactive properties for food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical uses. The present study comprises efficient extraction of κ-carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii with a yield of 52.3 ± 2.1% (dry weight) using a mild alkaline method (CA) with superior viscosity (0.285 ± 0.018 Pa·s) compared to commercial carrageenan (CC) (0.198 ± 0.012 Pa·s) with gel strength (85 ± 16.4 g/cm²). Sulfate analysis revealed lower content in the extracted sample (11.02 ± 0.90 mg/g, 3.0 wt% S) than the commercial carrageenan (14.87 ± 0.70 mg/g; 4.5 wt% S). Whereas higher total phenolic content (25.79 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g) was observed in the extracted carrageenan. Structural characterization confirmed slightly higher crystallite size in the extracted carrageenan (~57.3 nm), which improved molecular ordering. Morphological and particle size analyses showed larger but more uniform particles in CA (154.25 ± 26.6 μm) from SEM analysis, dynamic light scattering size (687.6 nm), and greater colloidal stability (−32.9 mV). Antibacterial evaluation demonstrated strain-specific bactericidal activity against S. marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus with protein leakage and SEM-based membrane damage. Molecular docking further revealed binding of κ-carrageenan to the HasA heme-binding protein (−6.9 kcal/mol), suggesting a putative secondary mechanism involving computationally predicted interference of bacterial iron acquisition, which needs experimental validation